جوهر

See also: جوہر and خوهر

Arabic

Etymology

From Classical Persian گوهر (gawhar).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒaw.har/

Noun

جَوْهَر • (jawhar) m (collective, singulative جَوْهَرَة f (jawhara), plural جَوَاهِر (jawāhir))

1. jewel(s)

   جَوْهَر فَرْد ― jawhar fard ― atom

2. precious stone(s)
3. pearl(s)
4. gem(s), gemstone(s)
5. any stone from which one may extract a profit
6. precious ore
7. veins of marble

Declension

Declension of noun جَوْهَر (jawhar)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَوْهَر jawhar	الْجَوْهَر al-jawhar	جَوْهَر jawhar
Nominative	جَوْهَرٌ jawharun	الْجَوْهَرُ al-jawharu	جَوْهَرُ jawharu
Accusative	جَوْهَرًا jawharan	الْجَوْهَرَ al-jawhara	جَوْهَرَ jawhara
Genitive	جَوْهَرٍ jawharin	الْجَوْهَرِ al-jawhari	جَوْهَرِ jawhari
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَوْهَرَة jawhara	الْجَوْهَرَة al-jawhara	جَوْهَرَة jawharat
Nominative	جَوْهَرَةٌ jawharatun	الْجَوْهَرَةُ al-jawharatu	جَوْهَرَةُ jawharatu
Accusative	جَوْهَرَةً jawharatan	الْجَوْهَرَةَ al-jawharata	جَوْهَرَةَ jawharata
Genitive	جَوْهَرَةٍ jawharatin	الْجَوْهَرَةِ al-jawharati	جَوْهَرَةِ jawharati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَوْهَرَتَيْن jawharatayn	الْجَوْهَرَتَيْن al-jawharatayn	جَوْهَرَتَيْ jawharatay
Nominative	جَوْهَرَتَانِ jawharatāni	الْجَوْهَرَتَانِ al-jawharatāni	جَوْهَرَتَا jawharatā
Accusative	جَوْهَرَتَيْنِ jawharatayni	الْجَوْهَرَتَيْنِ al-jawharatayni	جَوْهَرَتَيْ jawharatay
Genitive	جَوْهَرَتَيْنِ jawharatayni	الْجَوْهَرَتَيْنِ al-jawharatayni	جَوْهَرَتَيْ jawharatay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَوْهَرَات jawharāt	الْجَوْهَرَات al-jawharāt	جَوْهَرَات jawharāt
Nominative	جَوْهَرَاتٌ jawharātun	الْجَوْهَرَاتُ al-jawharātu	جَوْهَرَاتُ jawharātu
Accusative	جَوْهَرَاتٍ jawharātin	الْجَوْهَرَاتِ al-jawharāti	جَوْهَرَاتِ jawharāti
Genitive	جَوْهَرَاتٍ jawharātin	الْجَوْهَرَاتِ al-jawharāti	جَوْهَرَاتِ jawharāti
Plural of variety	basic broken plural diptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَوَاهِر jawāhir	الْجَوَاهِر al-jawāhir	جَوَاهِر jawāhir
Nominative	جَوَاهِرُ jawāhiru	الْجَوَاهِرُ al-jawāhiru	جَوَاهِرُ jawāhiru
Accusative	جَوَاهِرَ jawāhira	الْجَوَاهِرَ al-jawāhira	جَوَاهِرَ jawāhira
Genitive	جَوَاهِرَ jawāhira	الْجَوَاهِرِ al-jawāhiri	جَوَاهِرِ jawāhiri

Noun

جَوْهَر • (jawhar) m (plural جَوَاهِر (jawāhir))

1. essence (inherent nature), substance, matter, nature
2. soul
3. marrow
4. worth, excellence

Declension

Declension of noun جَوْهَر (jawhar)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَوْهَر jawhar	الْجَوْهَر al-jawhar	جَوْهَر jawhar
Nominative	جَوْهَرٌ jawharun	الْجَوْهَرُ al-jawharu	جَوْهَرُ jawharu
Accusative	جَوْهَرًا jawharan	الْجَوْهَرَ al-jawhara	جَوْهَرَ jawhara
Genitive	جَوْهَرٍ jawharin	الْجَوْهَرِ al-jawhari	جَوْهَرِ jawhari
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَوْهَرَيْن jawharayn	الْجَوْهَرَيْن al-jawharayn	جَوْهَرَيْ jawharay
Nominative	جَوْهَرَانِ jawharāni	الْجَوْهَرَانِ al-jawharāni	جَوْهَرَا jawharā
Accusative	جَوْهَرَيْنِ jawharayni	الْجَوْهَرَيْنِ al-jawharayni	جَوْهَرَيْ jawharay
Genitive	جَوْهَرَيْنِ jawharayni	الْجَوْهَرَيْنِ al-jawharayni	جَوْهَرَيْ jawharay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَوَاهِر jawāhir	الْجَوَاهِر al-jawāhir	جَوَاهِر jawāhir
Nominative	جَوَاهِرُ jawāhiru	الْجَوَاهِرُ al-jawāhiru	جَوَاهِرُ jawāhiru
Accusative	جَوَاهِرَ jawāhira	الْجَوَاهِرَ al-jawāhira	جَوَاهِرَ jawāhira
Genitive	جَوَاهِرَ jawāhira	الْجَوَاهِرِ al-jawāhiri	جَوَاهِرِ jawāhiri

Descendants

• Maltese: ġawhar
• → Azerbaijani: cövhər
• → Chechen: жовхӏар (žovhar)
• → Kazakh: жауһар (jauhar)
• → Malay: jauhar
  • Indonesian: jauhar
• → Malay: Johor
  • → English: Johor, Johore
• → Middle Armenian: ջոհար (ǰohar), ջուար (ǰuar), ջօհար (ǰōhar), ջուհար (ǰuhar), ջաւհար (ǰawhar), ճոհար (čohar), ճուհար (čuhar), ճօհար (čōhar)
• → Ottoman Turkish: جوهر (cevher)
  • Turkish: cevher
  • → Armenian: ճէվհէր (čēvhēr)
  • → Greek: τζοβαΐρι (tzovaḯri)
  • → Ladino: chivayer
  • → Romanian: giuvaier
  • → Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: џевер

    Latin script: džever

• → Persian: جوهر (jowhar)
  • → Bengali: জওহর (joōhor)
  • → Gujarati: જૌહર (jauhar), જોહર (johar)
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: जौहर (jauhar)

    Urdu: جوہر (jauhar)

  • → Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਹਰ (jauhar)

    Shahmukhi script: جوہر (jauhar)

• → Swahili: johari
• → Turkmen: göwher
• ⇒ Arabic: جواهر pl (jawāhir)

References

• Lane, Edward William (1863) “جوهر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[1], London: Williams & Norgate
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “جوهر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[2], London: W.H. Allen
• Wehr, Hans (1979) “جوهر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar, “jewel, gem, precious stone”), from Classical Persian گوهر (gawhar, “jewel, gem”), from Middle Persian gwhl (gôhr).

Noun

جوهر • (cevher) (plural جواهر (cevahir))

1. jewel, any valuable object used for personal ornamentation

   Synonyms: قویم (kuyum), مجوهر (mücevher)

2. gem, gemstone, any precious or semi-precious stone

   Synonym: قیمتلو طاش (kıymetli taş)

3. ore, rock or other material that contains valuable materials

   Synonym: معدن (maʼden)

4. damascening, the process of making a sword damascene

Derived terms

• جوهر علوی (cevher-i ʼulvi, “superior essence”)
• جوهر فرد (cevher-i ferd, “atom”)
• جوهر مجرد (cevher-i mücerred, “absolute essence”)
• جوهردار (cevherdar, “set with jewels”)
• جوهرلو (cevherli, “set with jewels”)
• جوهری (cevheri, “pertaining to precious stones”)

 

Descendants

• Turkish: cevher
• → Armenian: ճէվհէր (čēvhēr)
• → Greek: τζοβαΐρι (tzovaḯri)
• → Ladino: chivayer
• → Romanian: giuvaier
• → Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic script: џевер

  Latin script: džever

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “cevher”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 785
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “جوهر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎^[3], Vienna: F. Beck, page 192b
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “جوهر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[4], Constantinople: Mihran, page 451
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Gemma”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[5], Vienna, column 642
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “جوهر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[6], Vienna, column 1685
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “cevher”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “جوهر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[7], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 691

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar), itself from Early Classical Persian گوهر (gawhar), from Middle Persian gwhl (gôhr).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒaw.ˈhaɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒäw.hǽɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒäw.hǽɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒä.wǽɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒä.wǽɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒow.hǽɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒäw.hǽɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	jawhar
Dari reading?	jawhar
Iranian reading?	jowhar
Tajik reading?	javhar

Noun

جوهر • (jowhar) (plural جوهرها (jowhar-hâ))

1. essence, substance
2. ink, dye
3. acid

   Synonym: اسید (asid)

Derived terms

• جوهر سرکه (jowhar-e serke)
• جوهر لیمو (jowhar-e limu)
• جوهر مورچه (jowhar-e murče)
• جوهر نمک (jowhar-e namak)
• جوهر گوگرد (jowhar-e gugerd)
• جوهری (jowhari)

 

Noun

جوهر • (jowhar) (plural جواهر (javâher))

1. (archaic) jewel, gem, pearl

Usage notes

• جواهر (javâher) is now used as a singular noun for "jewel".

Descendants

• → Bengali: জওহর (joōhor)
• → Gujarati: જૌહર (jauhar), જોહર (johar)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: जौहर (jauhar)

  Urdu: جوہر (jauhar)

• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਹਰ (jauhar)

  Shahmukhi script: جوہر (jauhar)