𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

Prakrit

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek-

Proto-Indo-European *-seti

Proto-Indo-European *h₂lékseti

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrákšati

Sanskrit रक्ष॑ति (rákṣati)

Prakrit 𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (rakkhaï)

Inherited from Sanskrit रक्ष॑ति (rákṣati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrákšati, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lékseti, from *h₂lek- + *-seti. Cognate to Pali rakkhati.

Verb

𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (rakkhaï) (Devanagari रक्खइ, Kannada ರಕ್ಖಇ) (transitive) (Māhārāṣṭrī)

1. to guard, protect
   • c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 38:

     𑀅𑀳𑀺𑀆𑀇𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀡𑁄 𑀤𑀼𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀙𑀸𑀇𑀁 𑀧𑀇𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀁𑀢𑀻
     𑀡𑀺𑀅𑀯𑀁𑀥𑀯𑀸𑀡 𑀚𑀽𑀭𑀇 𑀖𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀯𑁂𑀡 𑀏𑀁𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁

     ahiāimāṇiṇo duggaassa chāiṃ païssa rakkhaṃtī
     ṇiavaṃdhavāṇa jūraï ghariṇī vihaveṇa eṃtāṇaṃ

     • 2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken

       Protecting the self-image of her husband, who is poor but proud of his breeding,
       The wife scorns her own relatives as they arrive with rich presents.

Descendants

• Central Indo-Aryan:
  • Old Hindi: रषना (raṣanā /⁠rakhanā⁠/)
    • Hindustani:

      Hindi: रखना (rakhnā)

      Urdu: رَکْھنَا (rakhnā)

• Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  • Bengali–Assamese:
    • Assamese: ৰখা (rokha), ৰাখা (rakha)
    • Middle Bengali: রাখ (rakh)
      • Bengali: রাখা (rakha)
      • Sylheti: ꠞꠣꠈꠣ (raxá)
  • Bihari:
    • Magahi: 𑂩𑂰𑂎𑂪 (rākhal)
    • Maithili: rākhab

      Devanagari script: राखब

      Tirhuta script: 𑒩𑒰𑒐𑒥

  • Odia: ରଖିବା (rakhibā)
• Insular Indo-Aryan:
  • Sinhalese: රකිනවා (rakinawā)
• Northern Indo-Aryan:
  • Nepali: राख्नु (rākhnu)
  • Western Pahari:
    • Dogri: rakkhnā

      Devanagari script: रक्खना

      Dogra script: 𑠤𑠊𑠹𑠋𑠝𑠬

• Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  • Old Punjabi: ਰਖਿ (rakhi /⁠rakkhi⁠/), ਰਾਖਿ (rākhi)
    • Punjabi: rakkhaṇā

      Gurmukhi script: ਰੱਖਣਾ

      Shahmukhi script: رَکّھݨا

  • Saraiki:

    Devanagari script: रखण (rakhaṇ)

    Shahmukhi script: رَکَھݨ (rakhaṇ)

    Multani script: 𑊢𑊅𑊕 (rkhṇ)

  • Sindhi: rakhaṇu

    Arabic script: رَکَڻُ

    Devanagari script: रखणु

    Khudawadi script: 𑋙𑊻𑋌𑋣

• Southern Indo-Aryan:
  • Konkani:

    Devanagari script: राख्चे (rākhce)

    Latin script: rakhche

    Kannada script: ರಾಕ್ಚೆ

  • Old Marathi:

    Devanagari script: राकणे (rākaṇe), राखणे (rākhaṇe)

    Modi script: 𑘨𑘰𑘎𑘜𑘹 (rākaṇe), 𑘨𑘰𑘏𑘜𑘹 (rākhaṇe)

    • Marathi: राखणे (rākhṇe)
    • Varhadi: राखनं (rākhna)
• Western Indo-Aryan:
  • Old Gujarati: राषिवउं (rāṣivaüṃ /⁠rākhivaüṃ⁠/)
    • Gojri: رکھنو (rakhno)
    • Middle Gujarati: राखिवुं (rākhivũ)
      • Gujarati: રાખવું (rākhvũ)
    • Marwari:

      Devanagari script: राखणौ (rākhṇau)

      Mahajani script: 𑅭𑅖𑅢𑅒 (rkhṇu)

  • Malvi: राखणो (rākhṇo)
  • Romani: rakhel, arakhel

Further reading

• Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “रक्ख”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 703.
• Pischel, Richard, Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 332
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “rákṣati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 611