-ᅀᆞᇦ-

Middle Korean

Alternative forms

	Followed by consonant	Followed by vowel
Preceded by /-k, -p, -s/	ᄉᆞᆸ〯 (-sǒp)	ᄉᆞᇦ 〮 (-sòW◌́)
Preceded by /-t/	ᄌᆞᆸ〯 (-cǒp)	ᄌᆞᇦ 〮 (-còW◌́)
Preceded by /-h/	ᄊᆞᆸ〯 (-ssǒp)	ᄊᆞᇦ 〮 (-ssòW◌́)
Preceded by a sonorant consonant or vowel	ᅀᆞᆸ〯 (-zǒp)	ᅀᆞᇦ 〮 (-zòW◌́)

After the mid-fifteenth century, Middle Korean ᄫ (W) /β/ lenited to /w/, producing the following alternative forms for the pre-vowel allomorphs:

Followed by yang-vowel	Followed by yin-vowel
ᄉᆞ오〮 (-sòw(ó))	ᄉᆞ우〮 (-sòw(ú))
ᄌᆞ오〮 (-còw(ó))	ᄌᆞ우〮 (-còw(ú))
ᅀᆞ오〮 (-zòw(ó))	ᅀᆞ우〮 (-zòw(ú))

Etymology

From Old Korean 白 (*SOLPO-).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /zʌ̀.β◌́~zʌ̀.w◌́/ (after a sonorant and before a vowel)
• IPA^(key): /zʌ̌p/ (after a sonorant and before a consonant)
• IPA^(key): /sʌ̀.β◌́~s͈ʌ̀.w◌́/ (after /-k, -p, -s, -h/ and before a vowel)
• IPA^(key): /sʌ̌p/ (after /-k, -p, -s, -h/ and before a consonant)
• IPA^(key): /t͡sʌ̀.β◌́~t͡sʌ̀.w◌́/ (after /-t/ and before a vowel)
• IPA^(key): /t͡sʌ̌p/ (after /-t/ and before a consonant)

Suffix

ᅀᆞᇦ (-zoW-)

1. A verbal suffix honoring the object (either direct or indirect) of the verb.

Usage notes

• Contrast with 으시〮 (-usí-), in which the speaker honors the subject, and 으〮ᅌᅵ (-úngì-), in which the speaker honors the addressee.

Descendants

• Early Modern Korean: ᄉᆞᆸ (-seup), ᄋᆞᆸ (-eup)
  • Korean: 으옵 (-euop-), 오 (-o-)
  • ⇒ Korean: 습니다 (-seumnida), ㅂ니다 (-mnida)
  • ⇒ Korean: 습니까 (-seumnikka), ㅂ니까 (-mnikka)
  • ⇒ Korean: 십시오 (-sipsio), 으십시오 (-eusipsio)
  • ⇒ Korean: 읍시다 (-eupsida), ㅂ시다 (-psida)
  • ⇒ Korean: 습디다 (-seupdida, dated), ㅂ디다 (-pdida)
  • ⇒ Korean: 습디까 (-seupdikka, dated), ㅂ디까 (-pdikka)
  • ⇒ Korean: 소 (-so, semi-formal speech level suffix)
    • ⇒ Korean: 요 (-yo, casually polite speech level particle)
• Jeju: 읍 (-eup-) (no longer productive)
  • ⇒ Jeju: 읍서 (-eupseo), ㅂ서 (-pseo)
  • ⇒ Jeju: 읍센 (-eupsen), ㅂ센 (-psen)
  • ⇒ Jeju: 읍주 (-eupju), ㅂ주 (-pju)
  • ⇒ Jeju: 읍데다 (-eupdeda), ㅂ데다 (-pdeda)
  • ⇒ Jeju: 읍네다 (-eumneda), ㅂ네다 (-mneda)
  • ⇒ Jeju: 읍데가 (-eupdega), ㅂ데가 (-pdega)
  • ⇒ Jeju: 읍네까 (-eumnekka), ㅂ네까 (-mnekka)
• ⇒ Jeju: 수다 (-suda), 우다 (-uda), 으우다 (-euuda)
• ⇒ Jeju: 수과 (-sugwa), 우과 (-ugwa), 으우과 (-euugwa)

See also

Middle Korean verbal paradigm
Verb stem	Slot 1 Object honorific	Slot 2 Past-related TAM	Slot 3 Subject honorific	Slot 4 Present tense
	ᅀᆞᇦ〯 (-zǒW-)	더〮 (-té-, imperfective) 아〮/어〮 (-á/é-, perfective) 거 (-ke-, perfective)	으시〮/ᄋᆞ시〮 (-usí/osí-)	ᄂᆞ (-no-)
	Slot 5 Modulator	Slot 6 Prospective/Future	Slot 7 Emotive/Exclamatory1	(Slot 8) (Imperfective)2
	오〮/우〮 (-wó/wú-)	으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (-úlí/ólí-)	도〮 (-twó-) 돗〮 (-twós-) others	더〮 (-té-)
	(Slot 9) (Modulator)3	Slot 10 Definitive	Slot 11 Addressee honorific	Slot 12 Verb-final suffix
	오〮/우〮 (-wó/wú-)	으〮니〮/ᄋᆞ〮니〮 (-úní/óní-)	으〮ᅌᅵ/ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ (-úngì/óngì-, very deferential) ㆁ (-ng-, deferential)	See Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones
Examples
기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá, “[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].”, 月印釋譜 10:19) 주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, “[I] shall die, [o honored one]!”, 月印釋譜 21:22)
Notes
1 Many additional emotive suffixes, which have not been listed here, are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example, 닷〮 (-tás-), which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state, comes from a merger of the imperfective 더〮 (-té-) and the emotive morpheme ㅅ (-s-). It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes, even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive, 닷〮 (-tás-) has been attested as co-occurring with the latter.
2 In the fifteenth century, only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix 돗〮 (-twós-), forming the sequence 돗〮더〮 (-twós-té-), used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century, also appears after prospective 으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (-úlí/olí-), forming the sequence 으〮리〮러〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮러〮 (-úlí-lé/ólí-lé), used to convey a past state when something was about to happen.
3 Taken when Slot 7 (emotive) is filled.
Certain suffixes are mutually exclusive.

References

• 김현주 (Kim Hyeon-ju) (2014) “선어말어미 {ᄉᆞᆸ}의 연구 성과와 쟁점”, in Gugeosa yeon'gu, volume 19, pages 65—99