Appendix:Waray-Waray Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Waray-Waray, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishWaray-Waray
Waray, Winaray
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ako
2you (2sg)ikaw, ka
3he, she, it (3sg)hiya
4we (1pl)kita (inclusive), kami (exclusive)
5you (2pl)kamo
6they (3pl)hira
7thishini
8thathito (far from speaker but closer to addressee), hadto (far from speaker and addresses to)
9heredini
10theredida (far from speaker but closer to person being spoken to), didto (far from speaker and person being speaker to)
11whonino
12whatano
13wherediin (past), hain (present and future)
14whenkun
15howgin-ano (past), gin-aano (present and future)
16notdiri
17allngatanan, puros (Samar), gilio (Samar), tanan (Abuyog), ubos (Jaro, Abuyog, Biliran, Eastern Samar)
18manydamo
19somemagutiay
20fewgutiay
21otheriba, lain
22oneusa
23twoduha
24threetatlo
25fourupat
26fivelima
27bigdako, agal (Eastern Samar)
28longhagba, halaba (Jaro, Abuyog, Biliran, Eastern Samar)
29widehalagpad
30thickdakmol
31heavybug-at
32smalldiyot, ditoy (Sorsogon, Northern Samar), digyot (Eastern Samar)
33shorthabubo
34narrowhaligot
35thingamay, hikos
36womanbabaye
37man (adult male)lalaki
38man (human being)tawo
39childanak, bata
40wifeasawa
41husbandbana
42motherinahan
43fatheramahan
44animalhayop
45fishisda
46birdtamsi
47dogayam
48lousekuto
49snakehalas
50wormulod
51treekahoy
52forestkagurangan
53stickablong
54fruitbunga
55seedbinhi, gahi
56leafdahon
57rootgamot
58bark (of a tree)panit
59flowerbukad, bagaybay (Samar)
60grassbanwa, gighuon, hadharon
61ropegikos, higot
62skinpanit, anit
63meatunod
64blooddugo
65bonetulan, bukog (dialectal)
66fat (noun)tambok
67eggbunay, itlog (dialectal)
68hornbudyong
69tailikog
70featherbarahibo, bulbol (Eastern Samar, Northern Samar)
71hairbuhok
72headulo
73eartalinga, taringa (Kalubian), durungngan (Samar), durunggan (Eastern Samar)
74eyemata
75noseirong
76mouthbaba, hiwa (Northern Samar)
77toothngipon
78tongue (organ)dila
79fingernailkuko
80footkatiilan, tiiltiil, napiol (Eastern Samar)
81legtiil
82kneetuhod
83handkamot, kamraw (Eastern Samar)
84wingpako
85bellytiyan
86gutstinai
87neckliog
88backlikod
89breastsuso
90heartkasingkasing
91liveratay
92to drinkinom
93to eatkaon
94to bitekagat
95to suckhumod
96to spittupra
97to vomitdigwa, luwa
98to blowtayhop
99to breatheginhawa
100to laughtawa
101to seekita
102to heardungog, pamati
103to knowaram, sabot, anahag (Eastern Samar)
104to thinkhunahuna
105to smellamyon
106to fearhadlok
107to sleepturog, butod (Eastern Samar), gadas (Eastern Samar), gatod (Eastern Samar), piyong (Eastern Samar), tuspod (Eastern Samar)
108to livebuhi
109to diematay, bunos, kamuy-od (Jaro), lagtod (Eastern Samar), murag (Tolosa)
110to killpatay, utas, buno (Abuyog), lagtod (Eastern Samar), tigbak (Eastern Samar)
111to fightaway, higting
112to huntanop
113to hitbakdong
114to cutbari, buak
115to splitlasi
116to stabbuno, dunggab
117to scratchkalot
118to dighunggad
119to swimlangoy
120to flylupad
121to walklakat
122to comeabot
123to lie (as in a bed)higda
124to sitlingkod, pungko (Jaro, Abuyog, Eastern Samar)
125to standtukdaw, tindog ( Abuyog, Kalubian, Tolosa, Biliran)
126to turn (intransitive)likdo
127to fallmahulog
128to givehatag, duhol (Jaro, Eastern Samar)
129to hold[[#Waray-Waray|]]
130to squeeze[[#Waray-Waray|]]
131to rub[[#Waray-Waray|]]
132to wash[[#Waray-Waray|]]
133to wipe[[#Waray-Waray|]]
134to pull[[#Waray-Waray|]]
135to push[[#Waray-Waray|]]
136to throw[[#Waray-Waray|]]
137to tie[[#Waray-Waray|]]
138to sew[[#Waray-Waray|]]
139to count[[#Waray-Waray|]]
140to say[[#Waray-Waray|]]
141to sing[[#Waray-Waray|]]
142to play[[#Waray-Waray|]]
143to float[[#Waray-Waray|]]
144to flow[[#Waray-Waray|]]
145to freeze[[#Waray-Waray|]]
146to swell[[#Waray-Waray|]]
147sunadlaw
148moonbulan
149starbituon
150watertubig
151rainuran
152riversuba
153lakedanaw
154seadagat
155saltasin
156stonebato
157sandbuhangin
158dustalikabok
159earthtuna
160cloudpanganuron
161fogburong, dag-om
162skylangit
163windhangin
164snowniyebe
165iceyelo
166smokeusok
167firekalayo
168ashabo
169to burnsunog
170roaddalan
171mountainbukid
172redpula
173greenbuyhaw, hilaw
174yellowbulaw
175whiteputi
176blackitom
177nightgab-i
178dayadlaw
179yeartaon
180warminit
181coldtugnaw
182full[[#Waray-Waray|]]
183newbag-o
184olddaan (inanimate), tigurang (animate)
185goodmaupay
186badmaraot
187rotten[[#Waray-Waray|]]
188dirty[[#Waray-Waray|]]
189straight[[#Waray-Waray|]]
190round[[#Waray-Waray|]]
191sharp (as a knife)matarom
192dull (as a knife)[[#Waray-Waray|]]
193smooth[[#Waray-Waray|]]
194wetbasa
195drymamara
196correct[[#Waray-Waray|]]
197nearhirani
198farhirayo
199righttuo
200leftwala
201atha
202inha
203with[[#Waray-Waray|]]
204andug
205ifo
206becausetungod
207namengaran
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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