grád

See also: grad

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɡɾˠɑːd̪ˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ɡɾˠaːd̪ˠ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish grád, but with /d̪ˠ/ restored under the influence of English and French grade; all of which are borrowed from Latin gradus.

Noun

grád m (genitive singular gráid, nominative plural gráid)

1. grade; degree, class
2. (nautical) rating

Declension

Declension of grád

First declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative grád gráid Vocative a ghráid a ghráda Genitive gráid grád Dative grád gráid

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an grád na gráid Genitive an ghráid na ngrád Dative leis an ngrád don ghrád leis na gráid

Derived terms

• díghrádaigh (“degrade”, verb)
• grád gnó (“business class”)
• grád pá (“pay grade”)
• grádach (“graded”)
• grádaigh (“grade; rate, scale; graduate, calibrate”, verb)
• grádán (“grade, gradient”)
• íosghrádaigh (“downgrade”, verb)

 

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

grád

1. (dialectal) first-person singular present subjunctive of gráigh (“love”)

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
grád	ghrád	ngrád
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “grád”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “grád”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “grád”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡraːð/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *gʷrādus.

Noun

grád n (genitive gráda, nominative plural grád)

1. love, affection, fondness, charity

Inflection

Neuter u-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	grádN	grádL	grádL, gráda
Vocative	grádN	grádL	grád
Accusative	grádN	grádL	grád
Genitive	grádoH, grádaH	grádoN, grádaN	grádN
Dative	grádL	grádaib	grádaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: grá
• Manx: graih
• Scottish Gaelic: gràdh
• ⇒ Middle Irish: grádaigidir
  • Irish: gráigh
  • Scottish Gaelic: gràdhaich

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 grád (‘love, affection’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin gradus.

Noun

grád n (genitive gráid, nominative plural gráid)

1. grade, degree
2. rank, order
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 28^c7

     ma chomalnit a ngrád ꝉ apud plebiles ma rud·choiscset a mmuintir

     if they fulfill their orders or, among the plebiles, if they have corrected their household

3. (Christianity) holy orders
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 29^a28

     Ní taibre grád for nech causa a pectha ꝉ a chaíngníma: ar biit alaili and ro·finnatar a pecthe resíu do·coí grád forru; alaili is íarum ro·finnatar. Berir dano fri láa brátha

     You sg should not confer orders on anyone because of his sin or of his good deed: for there are some whose sins are known before their ordination, others whose [sins] are known afterwards. Reference is made, then, to the day of judgment.

     (literally, “…before orders shall go upon them…”)

Inflection

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	grádN	grádN	grádL, gráda
Vocative	grádN	grádN	grádL, gráda
Accusative	grádN	grádN	grádL, gráda
Genitive	gráidL	grád	grádN
Dative	grádL	grádaib	grádaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Middle Irish: grád
  • Irish: grádh
  • ⇒ Irish: grád (with d replacing expected dh under English and French influence)

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 grád (‘grade, degree’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
grád	grád pronounced with /ɣ(ʲ)-/	ngrád
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.