skola

See also: skolā, škola, and skoła

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse skola.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskoːla/
• Rhymes: -oːla
• Homophone: skolað

Verb

skola (third person singular past indicative skolaði, third person plural past indicative skolaðu, supine skolað)

1. to rinse

Conjugation

Conjugation of skola (group v-30)
infinitive	skola
supine	skolað
participle (a6)1	skolandi	skolaður
	present	past
first singular	skoli	skolaði
second singular	skolar	skolaði
third singular	skolar	skolaði
plural	skola	skolaðu
	imperative
singular	skola!
plural	skolið!
1Only the past participle being declined.

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse skola.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskɔːla/
• Rhymes: -ɔːla

Verb

skola (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative skolaði, supine skolað)

1. to rinse

Conjugation

skola — active voice (germynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að skola
supine (sagnbót)		skolað
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		skolandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég skola	við skolum	present (nútíð)	ég skoli	við skolum
	þú skolar	þið skolið		þú skolir	þið skolið
	hann, hún, það skolar	þeir, þær, þau skola		hann, hún, það skoli	þeir, þær, þau skoli
past (þátíð)	ég skolaði	við skoluðum	past (þátíð)	ég skolaði	við skoluðum
	þú skolaðir	þið skoluðuð		þú skolaðir	þið skoluðuð
	hann, hún, það skolaði	þeir, þær, þau skoluðu		hann, hún, það skolaði	þeir, þær, þau skoluðu
imperative (boðháttur)	skola (þú)	skolið (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	skolaðu	skoliði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

skolast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að skolast
supine (sagnbót)		skolast
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		skolandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég skolast	við skolumst	present (nútíð)	ég skolist	við skolumst
	þú skolast	þið skolist		þú skolist	þið skolist
	hann, hún, það skolast	þeir, þær, þau skolast		hann, hún, það skolist	þeir, þær, þau skolist
past (þátíð)	ég skolaðist	við skoluðumst	past (þátíð)	ég skolaðist	við skoluðumst
	þú skolaðist	þið skoluðust		þú skolaðist	þið skoluðust
	hann, hún, það skolaðist	þeir, þær, þau skoluðust		hann, hún, það skolaðist	þeir, þær, þau skoluðust
imperative (boðháttur)	skolast (þú)	skolist (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	skolastu	skolisti *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

skolaður — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	skolaður	skoluð	skolað		skolaðir	skolaðar	skoluð
accusative (þolfall)	skolaðan	skolaða	skolað		skolaða	skolaðar	skoluð
dative (þágufall)	skoluðum	skolaðri	skoluðu		skoluðum	skoluðum	skoluðum
genitive (eignarfall)	skolaðs	skolaðrar	skolaðs		skolaðra	skolaðra	skolaðra
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	skolaði	skolaða	skolaða		skoluðu	skoluðu	skoluðu
accusative (þolfall)	skolaða	skoluðu	skolaða		skoluðu	skoluðu	skoluðu
dative (þágufall)	skolaða	skoluðu	skolaða		skoluðu	skoluðu	skoluðu
genitive (eignarfall)	skolaða	skoluðu	skolaða		skoluðu	skoluðu	skoluðu

Further reading

• “skola” in the Dictionary of Modern Icelandic (in Icelandic) and ISLEX (in the Nordic languages)

Ladino

Alternative forms

• eskola

Etymology

From Latin schola, from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ).

Noun

skola f (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling סקולה)

1. school

Latvian

Skola

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle High German schōle, or from Middle Dutch schole, both also borrowings from Late Latin scola, schola (“lecture; school”), itself borrowed from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ). In Latvian, this borrowing is first mentioned in 16th-century texts and 17th-century dictionaries.

Noun

skola f (4th declension)

1. school (institution of learning, usually of lower or intermediate level; also a special or specific institution of learning; also the building where such an institution is housed)

   vispārizglītojošā skola ― comprehensive school

   profesionālā, speciālā skola ― professional, special school

   valsts, privātās skolas ― public, private schools

   lauku, pilsētu skolas ― rural, urban schools

   zēnu, meiteņu skola ― boys', girls' school

   kopmācības skola ― co-educational school

   baleta, mūzikas, sporta skola ― ballet, music, sports school

   lauksaimniecības skola ― agricultural school

   skolu tīkls ― school network

   skolu jaunatne ― school youth

   skolas audzēknis ― school student

   skolas bērns, puika ― schoolboy

   skolas biedrs ― schoolmate

   skolas direktors, ārsts ― school director, doctor

   skolas bibliotēka ― school library

   skolas mēbeles ― school furniture

   skolas sols, tāfele ― school bench, board

   skolas grāmatas, burtnīcas ― school books, notebooks

   skolas soma ― school bag

   skolas forma ― school uniform

   skolas laiks, gadi ― school time, years

   iestāties skolā ― to enroll in a school

   mācīties skolā ― to study at a school

   sūtīt skolā ― to send to school

   apmeklēt skolā ― to visit the school

   pamest skolu ― to leave school

   izslēgt no skolas ― to expel from school

   kad iesi skolā, varbūt skolotājs paskaidros ― when you go to school, maybe the teacher will explain it

2. (figuratively) education; the work of studying at school

   skola sākās 1. septembrī ― school will start on September 1st

   Taisnību sakot, mazliet vairāk skolas viņam nebūtu nācis par ļaunu — to tell the truth, a little bit more school would not have been bad for him

3. (figuratively) experience, learning

   dzīves skola ― the school of life

   neveiksme viņam būs laba skola ― failure will be a good school for him

   aršanas sacensības galvenokārt ir pieredzes, darba metožu, jaunāko atziņu skola ― plowing competitions are mostly a school of (= place, occasion for learning) experience, work methods, and recent findings

4. school, school of thought (a set of theories, a teaching associated with a certain person, a certain movement or its followers)

   Platona filozofijas skola ― Plato's school of philosophy

   Paula Strādina skola medicīna ― Pauls Stradins' school of medicine

   beļģu skola glezniecībā ― the Belgian school of painting

   krievu skola baletā ― the Russian school of ballet

   Pavlovs izveidoja 20. gadsimta fiziologu lielāko skolu: viņa tiešo līdzstrādnieku un disertantu pulks vien aptvēis 250 cilvēku ― Pavlov created the largest school of 20th-century physiology: his group of direct collaborators and students comprised 250 people

Declension

Declension of skola (4th declension)

	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	skola	skolas
accusative (akuzatīvs)	skolu	skolas
genitive (ģenitīvs)	skolas	skolu
dative (datīvs)	skolai	skolām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	skolu	skolām
locative (lokatīvs)	skolā	skolās
vocative (vokatīvs)	skola	skolas

Derived terms

• sākumskola, pamatskola, vidusskola, augstskola
• pagastskola
• skolēns
• skolnieks, skolniece
• skolot, skolotājs, skolotāja

See also

• universitāte

Lithuanian

Etymology

In ablaut with skelė́ti (“to owe”), from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”).

Noun

skolà f (plural skõlos) stress pattern 4

1. (economics) debt
2. (archaic) fault

   Synonym: kaltė

3. (archaic) duty, obligation

   Synonym: pareiga

Declension

Declension of skolà

	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	skolà	skõlos
genitive (kilmininkas)	skolõs	skolų̃
dative (naudininkas)	skõlai	skolóms
accusative (galininkas)	skõlą	skolàs
instrumental (įnagininkas)	skolà	skolomìs
locative (vietininkas)	skolojè	skolosè
vocative (šauksmininkas)	skõla	skõlos

Related terms

• skolingas (“indebted”)
• skolinti (“to lend, borrow”)

Further reading

• “skola”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, lkz.lt, 1941–2024
• skola, entry by Vytautas Vaškelaitis, in Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia)
• Derksen, Rick (2015) “skola”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 406

Maltese

Alternative forms

• iskola (after the article)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sicilian scola, from Latin schola, from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskɔː.la/

Noun

skola f (plural skejjel or skajjel or (obsolete) skoli)

1. school (an institution dedicated to teaching and learning)
2. school (the followers of a particular doctrine)
3. school (a department/institute at a college or university)
4. education

Related terms

• skolarxipp
• skolastiċiżmu
• skolastikament
• skolastiku
• skular

 

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skwal-, from *skul-. If related to Sanskrit क्षालयति (kṣālayati, “to wash”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷsel-. Or, if related to Lithuanian skal͂bti (“to do laundry”), possibly from a late Proto-Indo-European *sk(ʷ)ol-b(ʰ)-.

Verb

skola (singular past indicative skolaða, plural past indicative skoluðu, past participle skolaðr)

1. wash

Descendants

• Danish: skylle
• Faroese: skola
• Icelandic: skola
• Norwegian: skylle
• Swedish: skölja
• → English: scullery (influenced)

References

• “skola”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Monier Williams (1899) “skola”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 327.
• Heijden, Vincent (2018): The Shared Lexicon Of Baltic, Slavic, AND Germanic, p. 31

Swedish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /²skuːla/

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Old Swedish skula, from Old Norse skulu, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną.

Verb

skola (present ska or skall (formal), preterite skulle, supine skolat)

2. (present tense ska) shall, will, be going to expresses intended future; used for plans, promises and decisions [with infinitive].
   • 1964, “Ovan där”, in Ivar Lindestad (lyrics), Charles Albert Tindley (music), Tjyvballader och barnatro‎^[2], performed by Jailbird Singers, Uses old present tense plural forms, though not consistently:

     Prövningar vi möta få,
     och vi ofta ej förstå Herrens vägar
     när Han önskar att vi himlen skola nå.

     Trials we face,
     and we often don't understand the Lord's ways
     when He wishes that we shall reach heaven.

   Jag ska äta.

   I'm going to eat.

3. (past tense skulle) [with infinitive]
   1. would expresses the conditional.

      Om jag hade en pizza så skulle jag äta den.

      If I had a pizza, I would eat it.

   2. should used to give advice, instruction, or an opinion.

      Jag skulle inte ha ätit två pizzor.

      I shouldn't have eaten two pizzas.

   3. was/were going to expresses the "anterior future" or "future in the past".

      Jag skulle just äta pizzan när svanen attackerade.

      I was just going to eat the pizza when the swan attacked.

   4. could, would used to make a phrase more polite.

      Skulle du kunna skjutsa mig till stan?

      Could you give me a ride to town?

      Jag skulle vilja ha en kaka.

      I would like a cookie.

Usage notes

• For semantic reasons, this verb hardly ever appears in the infinitive, which is unknown to many or perceived as archaic. The infinitive may also be perceived as archaic due to once being the present tense form used for plural subjects (see the quotations above).
• See also the usage notes for skall.

Conjugation

The short form of skall is ska and is more commonly used (skall matches English shall in tone and is used in similar contexts). However, skall is used in the expression vad som komma skall (“what is to come”), the grammar of which is very dated.

Conjugation of skola (irregular)

	Active		Passive
Infinitive	skola		—
Supine	skolat		—
Imperative	—		—
Imper. plural1	—		—
	Present	Past	Present	Past
Indicative	ska, skall	skulle	—	—
Ind. plural1	skola	skulle	—	—
Subjunctive2	skole	skulle	—	—
	Participles
Present participle	—
Past participle	—
1 Archaic. 2 Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

See also

• tack (“please (to add politeness)”)
• är du snäll (“please (in polite requests)”)
• borde (“should”)

Etymology 2

From Old Norse skóli, from Proto-West Germanic *skōlu, from Late Latin schola (“learned discussion or dissertation, lecture, school”), from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ, “spare time, leisure”), from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold, have, possess”).

Noun

skola c

2. (countable, uncountable) school (education or instruction institution)

   Han går i skolan

   He goes to school [He goes in the school]

   Barnen är i skolan

   The children are at school [The children are in the school]

   Jag är i skolan just nu

   I'm at school right now [I am in the school right now]

   reformer i skolan / skolreformer

   school reforms [reforms in the school]

   På torsdag är det öppet hus på skolan

   On Thursday, there is an open house at the school [see usage notes below for "i skolan" vs. "på skolan"]

3. a school (school of thought)

   Frankfurtskolan

   the Frankfurt school

Usage notes

I (“in”) (as opposed to på) is the most idiomatic preposition for (being at and) attending school, and also when referring to the education system as a whole. På (“on”) implies "at the school" in a broader sense.

Declension

Declension of skola

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	skola	skolas
	definite	skolan	skolans
plural	indefinite	skolor	skolors
	definite	skolorna	skolornas

Derived terms

• aftonskola
• dövskola
• folkskola
• grundskola
• gymnasieskola
• högskola
• kunskapsskola
• lekskola
• livets hårda skola
• lågstadieskola
• mellanstadieskola
• plantskola
• realskola
• skollärare
• skolmästare
• söndagsskola
• trafikskola
• ungdomsskola
• vuxenskola
• yrkesskola

 

Descendants

• → Finnish: skole

See also

• lågstadium
• mellanstadium
• högstadium
• gymnasium
• högskola
• universitet
• high school

Verb

skola (present skolar, preterite skolade, supine skolat, imperative skola)

1. to school, teach

Conjugation

Conjugation of skola (weak)

	Active		Passive
Infinitive	skola		skolas
Supine	skolat		skolats
Imperative	skola		—
Imper. plural1	skolen		—
	Present	Past	Present	Past
Indicative	skolar	skolade	skolas	skolades
Ind. plural1	skola	skolade	skolas	skolades
Subjunctive2	skole	skolade	skoles	skolades
	Participles
Present participle	skolande
Past participle	skolad
1 Archaic. 2 Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

Related terms

• skolning

References

• skola in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• skola in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• skola in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Anagrams

• kolas, sloka

Ternate

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsko.la]

Noun

skola

1. Alternative form of sikola (“school”)

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh