راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی عربی مصری
The chart below explains how Wikipedia represents Arabic pronunciations with the الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی.
To be exact, pronunciations given are those of Modern Standard Arabic. Actual pronunciations differ, depending on the native variety of Arabic of the speaker. For a more thorough look at the sounds of Arabic, see Arabic phonology.
The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols resembling any Latin letter are placed at the end.
| Symbol | English approximation |
Arabic letter/symbol |
Usual romanization |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A–B | ||||
| a | father, but shorter | َ | a e | [الف] |
| aː | father | ا ى | ā aa a | [ب] |
| aw | /a/+/w/ | و | aw au o | [پ] |
| b | bee | ب | b | [ت] |
| D | ||||
| d | deal | د | d | [ث] |
| dˤ | emphatic /d/, somewhat close to dark |
ض | ḍ | [ج][ث] |
| dʒ | jam | ج | j ǧ dj | [چ] |
| ð | these | ذ | dh ḏ | [ح] |
| ðˤ | emphatic /ð/ | ظ | ẓ | [ج][خ] |
| E | ||||
| eː | bay | ي | ay ey ai ei e | [د] |
| F–H | ||||
| f | father | ف | f | [ذ] |
| h | he | ه | h | |
| ħ | No equivalent | ح | ḥ | [ر] |
| I–K | ||||
| ɪ | sit[۱] | ِ | i e | [ز] |
| iː | machine | ي | ī ee i | [ژ] |
| j | yes | ي | y | |
| k | skin | ك | k | [س] |
| L–N | ||||
| l | lease (Received Pronunciation) | ل | l | |
| ɫ | tool | l | [ش] | |
| m | me | م | m | |
| n | no | ن | n | |
| O–R | ||||
| q | somewhat close to c in scar | ق | q g | [ص] |
| r | somewhat close to ray | ر | r | [ض] |
| S | ||||
| s | see | س | s | |
| sˤ | emphatic /s/, somewhat close to massage |
ص | ṣ | [ج] |
| ʃ | she | ش | sh š ch | |
| T–W | ||||
| t | stik | ت (sometimes ة) | t | [ث][س] |
| tˤ | emphatic /t/, somewhat close to star |
ط | ṭ | [ج][ث] |
| θ | think | ث | th ṯ | [ح] |
| u | put | ُ | u o ou | [ط] |
| uː | rule | و | ū oo ou u | [ظ] |
| w | we | و | w | |
| X–Z | ||||
| x | Scottish loch, Spanish jota |
خ | kh ḫ | [ع] |
| ɣ | Spanish fuego, French parler |
غ | gh ġ | [غ] |
| z | zoo | ز | z | |
| Other | ||||
| ʔ | The pause in uh-oh!; Cockney butter |
ء | ʾ ’ ' | [ف] |
| ʕ | no equivalent | ع | ʿ ‘ ' اکسان گراو | [ق][ک] |
| θ | see under O—R | |||
| ˈ | [ˈkiːwi] كيوي 'kiwi' | Means that the following syllable is stressed: /ˈʕarabiː/. | ||
| ː | [kiːs] كيس 'sack' | Means that the preceding vowel is long | ||
Notes
[ویرایش]- ↑ Allophones of /a/ include [ɑ] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r] and [æ] elsewhere ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ Allophones of /aː/ include [ɑː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r]; and [æː] elsewhere ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ In colloquial pronunciation, /aw/ may be realized as [oː]~[ɔː] may occur ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595); (Kaye 1997، ص. 198)).
- ↑ The letter ب may represent [p] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written پ) and before voiceless consonants (Kaye 1997, p. 193).
- ↑ ۵٫۰ ۵٫۱ ۵٫۲ ۵٫۳ /d dˤ t tˤ/ are realized as either dental, denti-alveolar or alveolar (Al-Ani 2008, p. 597).
- ↑ ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ ۶٫۲ ۶٫۳ Emphatic consonants may be pharyngealized or velarized ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 599); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193)).
- ↑ The letter ج is pronounced as [ɡ] in Egypt and as [ʒ] in the Levant and the Maghreb ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 598); (Gairdner 1925، ص. 23)).
- ↑ ۸٫۰ ۸٫۱ In nonstandard pronunciations, /θ/ and /ð/ may be pronounced as [s] and [z] (Gairdner 1925, p. 19, 81).
- ↑ The letter ظ is realized as [ðˤ] or [zˤ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 601).
- ↑ In colloquial pronunciation, [eː] may be realized as /aj/~[ɛː] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595); (Kaye 1997، ص. 198)).
- ↑ The letter ف may represent [v] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written ڤ or ڥ) and may be pronounced as well as before voiced consonants (Kaye 1997, p. 193).
- ↑ /ħ/ is realized as [ħ] or [ʜ].
- ↑ Allophones of /ɪ/ include [i]~[e] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ Allophones of /iː/ include [ɪː]~[ɨː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ ۱۵٫۰ ۱۵٫۱ /k/ is usually aspirated (Al-Ani 2008, p. 597–598).
- ↑ [ɫ] occurs only in the word Allah: [ɑɫˈɫɑh] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 600); (Kaye 1997، ص. 196)).
- ↑ /q/ may be pronounced as [ʔ] in Egypt and the Levant and as [ɡ] or [ɢ] in other dialects (Gairdner 1925, p. 26–27).
- ↑ /r/ is a trill [r] or a flap [ɾ]; it may be velarized or pharyngealized as well (Al-Ani 2008, p. 600).
- ↑ Allophones of /u/ include [ʊ]~[ɤ]~[o] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ Allophones of /uː/ include [ʊː]~[ɤː]~[oː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ /x/ is realized as [x] or [χ].
- ↑ /ɣ/ is realized as [ɣ] or [ʁ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 599); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 598); (Gairdner 1925، ص. 26)).
- ↑ /ʔ/ is usually written above or below أ, إ, آ, ئ or ؤ.
- ↑ /ʕ/ is realized as [ʕ] or [ʔˤ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 599); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 51)).
- ↑ /ʢ/ is neither pharyngeal nor fricative, but it is more correctly described as a creaky-voiced epiglottal approximant (Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)).
References
[ویرایش]- Al-Ani, Salman H. (2008). "Phonetics". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Vol. III. Brill. pp. 593–603.
- Gairdner, W. H. T. (1925). The Phonetics of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
- Kaye, Alan S. (1997). "Arabic phonology". Phonologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. I. pp. 187–204.
- Mitchell, T. F. (1990). Pronouncing Arabic. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'adeddin, M. Akram (1999). "Arabic". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–54.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6