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Ingila

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Ingila
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wani tsibirin Ingila
ingila 1991
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taswirar kasar ingila da kasr wales
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Uk

Ingila kasa ce da ke cikin tarayyar kasar Ingila.[1] Tana da iyaka da ƙasar Wales zuwa yamma da kasar Scotland a arewacinta. Tekun Irish yana arewa maso yamma da yankin Tekun Celtic na Tekun Atlantika zuwa kudu maso,yamma. An raba shi daga nahiyar Turai ta Tekun Arewa zuwa gabas da English Channel zuwa kudu. Ƙasar ta ƙunshi kashi biyar cikin takwas na tsibirin Biritaniya, wanda ke arewacin Tekun Atlantika, kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan tsibirai sama da 100, kamar tsibirin Scilly da tsibirin Wight.

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Yankin da ake kira Ingila da farko mutane na zamani ne suka fara zama a lokacin Upper Paleolithic, amma ya ɗauki sunansa daga Angles, ƙabilar Jamusanci da taasamo sunanta daga yankin Anglia, wanda ya zauna a cikin ƙarni na 5th da 6th. Ingila ta zama kasa mai haɗin kai a cikin karni na 10 kuma tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na al'adu da shari'a a duniya tun lokacin Age of Discovery, wanda ya fara a cikin karni na 15.[2] Harshen Ingilishi, Cocin Anglican, da Dokokin Ingilishi — tushen tsarin dokokin gama gari na wasu ƙasashe da yawa a duniya—an bunƙasa a Ingila, kuma tsarin mulkin majalisar dokokin ƙasar ya sami karbuwa sosai daga wasu ƙasashe.[3] Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na 18 na Ingila, yana mai da al'ummarsa zuwa ƙasa ta farko mai ci gaban masana'antu a duniya.[4]

Ƙasar Ingila na da karancin tsaunuka da filayen ƙasa ne, musamman a tsakiya da kudancin Ingila. Koyaya, akwai tudu da tsaunuka a arewa (misali, gundumar Lake da Pennines ) da kuma a yamma (misali, Dartmoor da Shropshire Hills ). Babban birnin kasar shine London, wanda ke da yanki mafi girma a cikin Burtaniya. Yawan jama'ar Ingila sun kai miliyan 56.3  kuma daga ciki sun ƙunshi kashi 84% na yawan jama'ar Burtaniya,[5] sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a kusa da London, Kudu maso Gabas, da gundumomi a cikin Midlands, Arewa maso Yamma, Arewa maso Gabas, da Yorkshire, waɗanda kowannensu ya haɓaka a matsayin manyan yankuna na masana'antu a lokacin Karni na 19.[6]

Uk

Masarautar Ingila - wacce bayan 1535 ta hada da Wales - ta daina zama wata kasa ta daban a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu 1707, lokacin da Ayyukan Tarayyar Turai suka aiwatar da sharuddan da aka amince da su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar a shekarar da ta gabata, wanda ya haifar da kawancen siyasa tare da Masarautar Scotland don ƙirƙirar Mulkin Biritaniya.[7] A cikin 1801, Biritaniya ta haɗe da Masarautar Ireland (ta hanyar wata Dokar Tarayyar) ta zama Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Ireland. A cikin shekarar 1922 Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Irish ta balle daga Ƙasar Ingila, wanda ya kai ga canza sunan na biyu zuwa Ƙasar Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland.[8]

Asali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sunan "Ingila" ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Turanci sunan Englaland , wanda ke nufin " Land of the Angles ".[9] Angles na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun Jamusawa waɗanda suka zauna a Biritaniya a lokacin Early Middle Ages. Angles sun fito ne daga yankin Anglia a yankin Bay of Kiel (jahar Schleswig-Holstein ta Jamus a yanzu) na Tekun Baltic.[10] Farkon amfani da kalmar, kamar yadda " Engla londe ", yana cikin fassarar ƙarshen ƙarni na tara zuwa Tsohon Turanci na Bede 's History Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Daga nan sai aka yi amfani da kalmar ta wata ma’ana ta dabam da ta zamani, ma’ana “ƙasar da turawan Ingila ke zaune”, kuma ta haɗa da mutanen Ingilishi a yankin da ke kudu maso gabashin Scotland a yanzu amma a lokacin yana cikin masarautar Ingila ta Northumbria . Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ya rubuta cewa Littafin Domesday na shekarar 1086 ya hade dukan Ingila, ma'ana mulkin Ingila, amma bayan 'yan shekaru bayan Tarihi ya bayyana cewa Sarki Malcolm III ya fita "daga Scotlande zuwa Lothian a Ingila", don haka amfani da shi.[11]

Maganar farko da aka tabbatar game da Angles tana faruwa a cikin aikin ƙarni na 1 na Tacitus, Jamusanci, wanda kalmar Latin Anglii ana amfani da shi.[12] Ma’anar asalin sunan kabila ita kanta malamai sun yi sabani da shi; an ba da shawarar cewa ya samo asali ne daga siffar tsibirin Angeln, siffar angular.[13] Ta yaya kuma me ya sa aka samu kalmar da aka samo daga sunan ƙabilar da ba ta da ma'ana fiye da sauran, irin su Saxon, don amfani da ƙasar gaba ɗaya kuma ba a san mutanenta ba, amma ga alama wannan yana da alaƙa da al'adar (custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones) ko Ingilishi Saxon don bambanta su da Saxons na nahiyar (Eald-Seaxe) na Old Saxony tsakanin kogin Weser da Eider a Arewacin Jamus.[14] A cikin Scottish Gaelic, wani harshe wanda ya haɓaka a tsibirin Burtaniya, kabilar Saxon ta ba da sunan su ga kalmar Ingila ( Sasunn.[15]); haka ma, sunan Welsh na harshen Ingilishi shine " Saesneg ". Sunan soyayya ga Ingila shine Loegria, wanda ke da alaƙa da kalmar Welsh don Ingila, Lloegr , kuma ya shahara ta amfani da shi a cikin almara Arthurian . Hakanan ana amfani da Albion ga Ingila,[16] ko da yake ainihin ma'anarsa ita ce tsibirin Biritaniya gaba ɗaya.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hotuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Sun shining through row of upright standing stones with other stones horizontally on the top.
    Stonehenge, abin tunawa na Neolithic
  • Duban ginshiƙan ginin tudun Maiden Castle, Dorset, kamar yadda suke kallo a yau
    Duban ginshiƙan ginin tudun Maiden Castle, Dorset, kamar yadda suke kallo a yau

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom). "The Countries of the UK". statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  2. ↑ "England – Culture". britainusa.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  3. ↑ "Country profile: United Kingdom". BBC News. news.bbc.co.uk. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  4. ↑ "Industrial Revolution". Ace.mmu.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 27 April 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  5. ↑ Park, Neil (24 June 2020). "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland". www.ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom).
  6. ↑ 2011 Census – Population and household estimates for England and Wales, March 2011. Accessed 31 May 2013.
  7. ↑ Burns, William E. A Brief History of Great Britain. p. xxi.; "Acts of Union 1707". parliament.uk. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  8. ↑ Phelan, Kate (4 October 2016). "The Partition Of Ireland: A Short History". Culture Trip. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  9. ↑ Samfuri:Cite dictionary
  10. ↑ Ripley 1869, p. 570.
  11. ↑ Molyneaux 2015.
  12. ↑ "Germania". Tacitus. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  13. ↑ Samfuri:Cite dictionary[dead link]
  14. ↑ Crystal 2004, pp. 26–27
  15. ↑ Forbes, John (1848). The Principles of Gaelic Grammar. Edinburgh: Oliver, Boyd and Tweeddale.
  16. ↑ Foster 1988.
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