Mutanen Efik
 | |
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Najeriya |
Efik ƙabila ce da ke kudu maso kudancin Najeriya, a kudancin jihar Kuros Riba . Efik suna magana da harshen Efik wanda yake yaren Benuwe – Congo ne na dangin Cross River . Tarihin baka na Efik ya ba da labarin ƙaura daga Cross River daga Arochukwuto ya sami ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin yankin Calabar da Creek Town. Galibi ana kiran garin Creek da kewayensa da Calabar, kuma ana kiran mutanensa da mutanen Calabar, bayan sunan Bature mai suna Calabar Kingdom aka ba jihar a cikin Jihar Kuros Riba ta yanzu . Bai kamata Calabar ta rikita batun Masarautar Kalabari ba a cikin jihar Ribas wacce Ijaw ce jihar yamma da ita. Jihar Kuros Riba tare da jihar Akwa Ibom a da tana daga cikin asalin jihohi goma sha biyu na Najeriya da aka fi sani da Jihar Kudu maso Gabas.
Mutanen Efik kuma sun mamaye kudu maso yammacin Kamaru ciki har da Bakassi . Wannan yanki, wanda a da can yankin amintacce ne daga Jamhuriyar Kamaru, an gudanar da shi a matsayin wani yanki na Gabashin Najeriya har sai da ya samu cin gashin kai a 1954, don haka ya raba mutanen Efik a siyasance. An kara fadada wannan rabuwa yayin da sakamakon zaben 1961 yankin ya zaɓi ya shiga Jamhuriyar Kamaru . Nan da nan aka sauya yawancin yankin, amma a watan Agustan 2006 - Najeriya ta miƙa yankin Bakassi ga Kamaru.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana samun mutanen Efik a yankin kudu maso kudu na yankin siyasa na Najeriya, a cikin "kusurwar kudu maso gabas ta jihar Kuros Riba." [1] Sun mamaye bakin kogin Cross Cross kuma sun gangara zuwa yankin Bakassi, da Kogin Calabar da kuma zuwa garesu - Kogin Kwa, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) da Eniong Creek. ” [2] Sun mamaye Calabar "a karshen ƙarni na goma sha bakwai ko a farkon karni na 18." [3] Efik suna da dangantaka da mutanen Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Biase, Akamkpa, Uruan, da Eket .
Kodayake ba a san ainihin asalin mutanen Efik ba, amma hadisai na baka suna ba da labarin yadda suka yi ƙaura daga yankin Igbo da Ibibio (zuwa arewa maso yammacin Calabar) zuwa wurin da ake yanzu. Yawancin su sun bar zuwa Uruan a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom a yanzu, wasu zuwa Eniong da yankunan da ke kewaye. Sun zauna a Uruan kusan shekara ɗari ko makamancin haka sannan suka ƙaura zuwa Ikpa Ene da Ndodihi na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin su tsallaka zuwa inda zasu je na ƙarshe a cikin Garin Creek (Esit Edik / Obio Oko). Da alama akwai matakai guda uku masu zuwa a tarihin ƙaura da sasantawa na efik: (a) wani lokaci na Igbo (b) na Ibibio da (c) tafiya zuwa bakin teku.[ana buƙatar hujja] An ce mutanen Uruan sun ba su suna "Efik" wanda ke fitowa daga kalmar aikatau da ke nufin latsawa ko zalunci, tun da ana zargin su da nuna ƙarfi.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Kodayake tattalin arziƙinsu ya samo asali ne daga kamun kifi, yankin da sauri ya zama babban cibiyar kasuwanci kuma ya kasance da kyau sosai a farkon shekarun 1900. Ana sayar da kayayyakin Turawa masu shigowa domin bayi, man dabino da sauran kayan dabino. Sarakunan Efik sun tara harajin kasuwanci da ake kira comey daga jiragen ruwa har zuwa lokacin da turawan ingila suka maye gurbinsu da 'tallafin comey'. [4] Littafin Antera Duke, na Efik, shi ne kawai rikodin da ya rage daga gidan bautar Afirka.
Efik sune manyan mutane tsakanin fararen fatake a bakin ruwa da ƙabilun Kuros Riba da gundumar Calabar. Ofishin Jakadancin Krista suna aiki tsakanin Efiks farawa daga tsakiyar karni na 19. Mary Slessor, wata 'yar mishan daga Presbyterian daga Scotland, ta damu da kawar da al'adar camfi na kashe tagwaye jarirai. Ko da a cikin 1900, yawancin mutanen ƙasar suna da ilimin wayewa game da aƙidun Turai da al'adunsu, suna da'awar Kiristanci kuma suna ado da kayan Turawa.
A cikin 1884 sarakunan Efik da shugabannin Efik sun sanya kansu ƙarƙashin kariyar Burtaniya. Waɗannan yarjeniyoyi da haƙƙin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa, suna rubuce a cikin CAP 23 na Dokokin Gabashin Najeriya, an sanya taken 'dokar tallafin Comey' [4] Sarkin Efik, wanda aka fi sani da Obong na Calabar, har yanzu (har zuwa 2006) ƙarfi ne na siyasa tsakanin Efik. Efik da kuma mutanen tsohuwar masarautar Calabar sune farkon waɗanda suka rungumi ilimin yamma a Najeriya ta yanzu, tare da kafa Hope Trainingel Training Institute, Calabar a cikin 1895 da Makarantar High School ta Boys, Oron a 1905.
Ƙungiyoyin asiri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin Efik, kuma wacce ke basu babban tasiri akan sauran ƙabilu, ita ce ƙungiyar asirin da aka sani da Ekpe, mai kirkirar Nsibidi, wani tsohon rubutu na Afirka. Wannan al'umma ta rikide ta zama al'adar Abakuá a Cuba, ta Bonkó a Bioko da Rawar Abakuya a cikin babban yankin Equatorial Guinea . Eungiyar Ekpe ta keɓance ga maza, yayin da mata ke da nasu na Ekpa. Mutanen asalin Efik an san su da ñáñigos ko carabalís a Cuba.
Harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutanen Efik suna magana da yaren Efik, wanda yake yaren Benuwe-Kongo ne na dangin Cross River .
Yawan jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana samun yawan jama'ar Efik a cikin yankunan dake ƙasa:
- Jihar Kuros Riba, Nijeriya.
- Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya.
- Bioko, Equatorial Guinea
- Yammacin Kamaru.
- Binuwai (Mutanen Efik-Ibibio sune na hudu mafi yawan na asali waɗanda suka fara zama a yankin Binuwai a Najeriya).
Kayan abinci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Edikang Ikong miyan kayan lambu ce wacce ta samo asali tsakanin Efik. Miyar Afang wani nau'in sanannen abinci ne na duk tarayyar ƙasa da ma bayanta.
Miya tufafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manyan rigunan mata na Efik sune onyonyo da ofod ukod anwang . Yawancin lokaci ana amfani dasu azaman kayan amarya. onyonyo doguwar riga ce. An ba da shawarar cewa onyonyo’s Victoria ne sakamakon tasirin mishan Scottish Mary Slessor . ofod ukod anwang ya hada da saman hannu da gajeren siket, dukkansu an sanya su da murjani da ekpa ku kwa — kayan ado na ado da hannu da kafafu. Mai ɗaukar yana da ƙwanƙwasa hannu da ƙafa da abun wuya na murjani na murjani.
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Tarihin Efik
- Akamkpa
- Annang
- Bakassi
- Eket
- Ikom
- Neja Delta
- Opobo
- Jama'ar Igbo
- Mutanen Ekoi (wanda aka fi sani da Ejagham)
- Waddell (1846) Efik ko Tsoho Calabar Waddell, Tsoho Calabar;
- Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu daga labarin Calabar a cikin Encyclopædia Britannica <i id="mwATU">Goma sha ɗaya Edition</i>, wallafe yanzu a cikin yankin jama'a .
- Hackett, Rosalind IJ Addini A Calabar. Buga.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- kungiyar ikungiyar ta Efik, Inc.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cook, T.L. (1985). An integrated phonology of Efik. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Leiden.
- ↑ Aye, E. U. (2000). The Efik people. Calabar: Glad Tidings Press.
- ↑ Nair, K. K. (1972). Politics and society in South Eastern Nigeria 1841 – 1906: A study of power, diplomacy and commerce in Old Calabar. Evanston: North-Western University Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fubara, Dagogo M.J. (5 March 2006) "Legendary legacies of Dappa-Biriye" The Tide Rivers State Newspaper Corp., Port Harcourt, Nigeria