निकेल

निकेल
28Ni
– ↑ Ni ↓ Pd Periodic table कोबाल्ट ← निकेल → कपर
रुप
lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
साधारण गुण
नां, चिं, ल्या	निकेल, Ni, 28
उच्चारण	/ˈnɪkəl/
धातुया वर्ग	transition metal
ग्रुप, पिरियद, ब्लक	10, 4, d
Standard atomic weight	58.6934(4)
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d8 4s2 or [Ar] 3d9 4s1 2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1
History
Discovery	1751
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	8.908 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	7.81 g·cm−3
Melting point	1728 K, 1455 °C, 2651 °F
Boiling point	3003 K, 2730 °C, 4946 °F
Heat of fusion	17.48 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	379 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	26.07 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, −1 ((a mildly basic oxide))
Electronegativity	1.91 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: {{{1st ionization energy}}} kJ·mol−1
	2nd: {{{2nd ionization energy}}} kJ·mol−1
	3rd: {{{3rd ionization energy}}} kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	124 pm
Covalent radius	124±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 69.3Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	90.9 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 13.4 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 4900 m·s−1
Young's modulus	200 GPa
Shear modulus	76 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	4.0
Vickers hardness	638 MPa
Brinell hardness	700 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-02-0
Most stable isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 58Ni 68.077% >7×1020 y (β+β+) 1.9258 58Fe 59Ni trace 7.6×104 y ε – 59Co 60Ni 26.223% 60Ni is stable with 32 neutrons 61Ni 1.14% 61Ni is stable with 33 neutrons 62Ni 3.634% 62Ni is stable with 34 neutrons 63Ni syn 100.1 y β− 0.0669 63Cu 64Ni 0.926% 64Ni is stable with 36 neutrons Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed

निकेल छता रसायनिक तत्त्व ख।