Aswuddu azayku n waman g Lmɣrib

Aswuddu azayku n waman g Lmɣrib ismun kraygat tsrtay, tistratijiyyin d imussutn izdin s uswuddu d tbḍit n isugam n waman g Lmɣrib, afad ad iddr ufgan ddrn imudar ns ddrn ula igran ns. Tiɣarasin n uswuddu n waman g Lmɣrib ur lulnt ass ad ula iḍgam ula asggʷas ad ula walli izrin, tiɣarasin ad gant tiqqbuṛin mklli iqqbuṛ ufgan g wakal n Lmɣrib, ar zzigiznt mklli izzigiz ufgan g tmazirt ns. Angraw n uswuddu azayku sul ukan iddr g kigan n tsgiwin g Lmɣrib ilint tmatarin f tɣarasin da inɣuban.

Anzwi n Lmɣrib iga ijjn unzwi izwan g wammas d iffus, ig anagam nɣ anbzag g ugafa. S umata, iqqand ad nini mas anzwi n Lmɣrib izwa drusn gis waman, mayad a yuddjan afgan amɣrib aqqbuṛ ad isiggl tusutin f tusutin s tɣarasin da ira at yaws g ussdms (tadmsa n waman) n waman. Ar ttinin mas asɣawsa ad igan immas nɣ innas n usnulfu, mqqaṛ awal ad nnant igdudn yaḍni macc, ati awal ad iɣẓa ula g Lmɣrib, acku tarsi n waman ad igan innas n tɣarasin maṛṛa n uswuddu n waman g Lmɣrib, tiɣarasin ad nttafa g tasgiwin g drusn waman zun iffus d lqqblt n Lmɣrib.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Aswuddu n waman ismun kṛaḍt tkliwin:

Tikli n ulday d usmun n waman
Tikli n tbḍit nɣ tiṭṭi n waman
Tikli n usmrs d tsmurt n waman

Alday d usmun n waman

Tasult^[4] n tudrt tzdi s ili n waman g kraygat tmazirt, mayad a yttadjan afgan ad issmrs kraygat aẓmmaẓẓl g iẓmmaẓẓln ns afad ad iḍmn tasult n isugam ns sg waman.

Isugam n waman

Lmɣrib ur gis isaffn imqquṛn, illn nɣ iglmamn iẓḍaṛn ad gn isugam n waman i ufgan, mayad af add ittɣama unẓaṛ ad ig asagm agjdan n waman. Tudrt n ufgan aqqdim g Lmɣrib tzdi s unẓaṛ, ig ibbi ar ttbbi ula nttat. Anẓaṛ zdin srs isaffn, iɣbula d una ig ur illi unẓaṛ ar ttqqaṛan ula nttni, kigan n izmaz n taɣart ad izrin f Lmɣrib, ibbi gisn unẓaṛ bbin isaffn qqarnt trggʷa d una, mmtn imaddarn s fad mmtn ula igran.

imzdaɣ imzwwra g Lmɣrib munen d iɣbula n waman, ar ttzdaɣn g tmazirt nna g llan iɣbula n waman, macc mqqaṛ llan iɣbula g llan waman s umata at zdin s unẓaṛ, akud nna g ibbi unẓaṛ ar gisn ttbbin waman. Iɣbula n waman gan asagm n waman adslan^[4] n mswi acku aman nsn ar ttggan aman idusn g usggʷas akkʷ.

G tasgiwin n Lmɣrib llan tugt n iɣbula, zun ukan:

Aɣbalu n wasif n Wansifn: illa g tsga n tɣrmt n Xnifṛa.
Aɣbalu n Ubaynu
Aɣbalu n Sidi Ḥṛaẓm
Aɣbalu n Walmas
s wiyyaḍ

Iglmamn

Lmɣrib ur ittyawssan s iglmamn, acku anzwi ns ur igi anzwi issbɣasn ili n iglmamn. Iglmamn gan aɣbalu n waman gn ula yat twnnaḍt issbɣasn tudrt tagamant zun igḍaḍ d imudar iramyarn. Llan g Lmɣrib tugt n iglmamn zun:

Aglmam azgza
Aglmam n tifunasin
Aglmam abxxan
Aglmam n ifni
Aglmam n axnifis
Aglmam tslit
Aglmam n tglmamin
Aglmam n ifṛaḥ
Aglmam n ifr
Aglmam n ḥclaf
Aglmam n maṛtcika

Isaffn

Ur ittyussan Lmɣrib s isaffn, macc gis isaffn f nẓẓḍaṛ ad nini mas mqquṛn. Ur llin g Lmɣrib isaffn idra d tmura yaḍni, isaffn akkʷ illan g Lmɣrib ur t ffiɣn ur sis d kcimn sg mani yaḍni, llan akkʷ g ugnsu n tmazirt. Sg uzmz aqqbuṛ gan isaffn yan usagm n waman i imzzaɣ n Lmɣrib, mayad ad iwddjan tuzduɣt g Lmɣrib ad ttmuna d isaffn, ar nttafa iḍuṛan d tqqbilin zdɣn f isaffn sg uzmz aqqbuṛ, acku asif ar asn ittgga aɣbalu n waman da igan aɣbalu n tudrt.

Isaffn imqqṛann g Lmɣrib:

Asif n wansifn
Asif n Sbu
Asif n Drɛa
Asif n Lukus
Asif n Mlwiyya
Asif n Gir
Asif n Lmal
Asif n Burgrag
Asif n Dads
Asif n Lɛbid
Asif n Masst
Asif n Sus
Asif n Tansift
Asif n Ziz

Una

Sg uzmz aqqbuṛ ad iɣaz ufgan amɣribi una (amyiwn: anu) g tmazirt ns, acku gan yan uɣbalu n waman slawan g tmizar g illa unzwi izwan. Aman n wanu ttyussann mas gan aman idusn izddagn acku ar zrrin sg kigan n tusutin n wakal ku tasut ar sgisn ttkks yan wanaw n irkan. G izmaz izrin, taɣuzi n wanu ur tgi kra n twwri icqqan acku kkanttin waman qqṛṛbn s udm wakal.

Uggugn

S tmaziɣt, uggug dars sin inumak:

Uggug ismunan aman.
Uggug n trga, ar issaqqlay aman sg wasif s trga.

Imɣribin iqqbuṛn ur ssin uggugn n wassad, ur ssin uggugn da ismunan aman macc ssnen uggugn da issaqqlayn aman sg wasif s trga. Aman gan aẓuṛ n tudrt mayan af ur ifil ufgan aqqbuṛ kra n tɣarast t isslkamn srsn ur tt iwmiẓ, iṣka uggugn afad ad isslkm aman s igran ns, iṣka uggugn afad ad isslkm aman s tgmmi ns, iṣka uggugn afad ad iẓẓu tudrt g twnnaḍt ns, iṣka uggugn afad ad isslkm aman i imudar ns d tuga nnsn.

iga tidt mas afgan aqqbuṛ ur iṣki uggugn umqqṛanen zun uggugn n wassad, macc at iwfa yat tɣarast yaḍni ma s ismuna aman, taɣarast ad trwas taɣarast n uggugn, ar gis issmras Tafṛḍit nɣ Tanut.

Tafṛḍit

Tafṛḍit nɣ Afṛḍi tga isllwi n imɣribin, acku iga tayafut n wakal n Lmɣrib. Tafṛḍit tga tuṣka ittrsn nɣ ittyaɣazn g wakal, ar tettuyskar g uḍɣaṛ sg ad zrrin waman n unẓaṛ afad atn gis smunen, afad ad tn ssmrsn g mswi n igran akud nna izri unẓaṛ. Ar tettuyskar sg iẓṛan d wakal nɣ sg uknkil. Tga tafṛḍit tayafut immrwasn d uggug atrar mlmmi da tskar zun tawwuri ns.

Asmrs n tfṛḍit ar isɣawsa s udɣaṛ yattuyn afad ad sgis tfk tfṛḍit aman i idɣaṛn yaḍni, mayad a yuddjan tafṛḍit ad ttili g tmizar n udrar uggar n tmizar uẓaɣaṛ. G tmizar n udrar ar tt ssmrasn afad ad ssun igran maca g tmizar n uẓaɣaṛ ar tt ssmrasn afad ad sgis ssan imudar nnsn.

Aɣṛuṛ

Afad ad issu ufgan igran ns s waman, ar d issufuɣ aman sg ddu akal s yat tɣarast igan tuddist kigan as tt igan d "Aɣṛuṛ", taɣarast ad ar sis d issufuɣ ufgan aman sg una (ddu akal) afad ad srsn issu igran ns. Aɣṛuṛ ar ittɛmmad f tzmrt n ufgan nɣ f tzmrt n imudar zun aɣyuln asrdun nɣ agmar, g ma iggutn ar ittɛmmad f imudar acku nutni ad iɣin ad swwurin ass akkʷ, ar d aqqlayn waman ilma munen g yat tfṛḍit n usmun waman arig ggutn acku ar d aqqlayn imik s imik, ku tikkli ar gis d aqqlayn imik n waman, akud nna ggutn waman g tfṛḍit ilma ttyaṛẓamn ad munn d usaru nɣ d kra n targa afad ad ftun s igran.

Tiṭṭi n waman

Sg izmaz iqqbuṛn ad iddr ufgan g wakal n Lmɣrib, tasult ad ur tẓḍaṛ ad tili mla d ur illi yan wanaw n uzrf das iẓḍaṛ ad iswuddu tudrt ns g ma izdin s tisqqan ingr udmawn n unamun, tisqqan n twjja, tukksa, tadamsa d usmuddu n waman ula ntta. Acku mklli nssn aman gan aɣbalu n tudrt, ig ur tn inbaḍ kra n uzrf ila fllasn ilin inaɣan icqqan, ku yan g middn ira ad gn waman wins waḥdut d win igran ns waḥdutn. G tasgiwin n Lmɣrib maṛṛa tlla yat tɣarast n uswuddu n waman, nɣ nẓḍaṛ ad nini mas taɣarast n uswuddu n waman g Lmɣrib dars tifras mmrwasnin mqqar illa kigan n uɣaras ingr tmazirt d tayyaḍ. Ar nttafa mas llan irmmusn imazarn g tmizar akkʷ.^[5] ^[6]

Asslkm n waman s igran

Angraw n uggug g tmnaḍt n Uẓlag, Trnata, Zagura, 2016 (Asulf n Sliman Waldawdi)

Tikli tamzwarut g tiṭṭi n waman igat usslkm n waman s igran, ad nsslkm aman s igran ilma nbḍu aman f igran n ku yan. Afad a isslkm ufgan amɣribi aman s igran ar issmras kigan n imassn zun tirggʷin, isura, saylal, uggugn, tifṛḍin (nɣ ifṛḍin) d uggar.^[6] ^[1]

Uggug: iga imiss n imiẓ nɣ n ussaqqlay n waman sg wasif, ar ittyawṣka sg iẓṛan waḥdutn nɣ sg iẓṛan d tuga acku ur ad tn ttawin waman n wasif. Uggug ntta ad yakkan aman i targʷa.
Targʷa: tga asaka n waman ittyaɣazn g wakal, ku taqqbilt ar tqqaz tirgʷa ns d ar fllas skarn tawala g twwuriwin izdin s tugguẓt ns. Targʷa nttat ar ttgga asaka imqquṛn, ar d tssaqqlay aman sg wasif ar takka i isura.
Asaru: iga asaka imẓẓin n waman, ar iṭṭamẓ aman sg targʷa ar tn isslkam s igran, yat targʷa ar tbṭṭu aman f kigan n isura. G tɣuzi n isura ur ad gisn ttdru taqqbilt maṛṛa, ku asaru ar gis ttdrun nɣ ar gis swwrayn middn da sgis isswan waha. Ula tugguẓt n usaru ar fllas ttbiddn ka middn issmrasn ku asaru.
Saylal: iga anaw n isura isslkamn aman s igran akud nna illa kra n ujaw nɣ kra n wakal iggʷizn ingr targʷa d igran. nẓḍaṛ ad nini mas saylal iga "asaru ittaylaln" nɣ "asaru ikkan ignwan" ɣin addi ikka ism ns, ar ittyawbna s iẓṛan d wakal ar sisn skarn igudar zun win tgmmi afad ad sslkmn aman i igran.
Tafṛḍit: akud nna ur d kkin waman asif ar d ttkkan tafṛḍit, nttat ad iskarn tawwri n trgʷa acku ur sul ad ttili, ar akkan aman nican i isura imẓyanen, ku asaru ar isslkam aman i igr n bab ns.

irmmusn n tiṭṭi n waman

Tiṭṭi n waman ur tgi kra twwuri igan tafrart acku tzdi s waman, aɣbalu n tudrt n ufgan, mayad af ur fllas ittbdda wanna ka yran nɣ wanna ka isalan, ar fllas ttbddan imnbaḍn n ku taqqbilt, imnbaḍn f d msickin middn n tmazirt maṛṛa. Ula taɣarast n uswuddu tga tussna skrn imzwwura ar ttid tffal tasut i tayyaḍ.

Anbḍu: ar ittgga afgan iɛdln, ar fllas d ttmsickin middn akk n tqqbilt afad ad ibidd f waman, g kigan n tmuzar ar as ttinin "Lmqqddm n waman", acku ar ittnbaḍ g tiṭṭi n waman ingr middn n tqqbilt ar fllas skarn istayn. Anbḍu ar ittnbaḍ g waman macc ar ittiḍfuṛ azrf aqqbur da xf d msickin ayt tqqbilt sg zikk.
Tafrdit: tga afrdis n usɣal n tizi, tmzaray sg taqqbilt s tayyaḍ, sg usun s wayyaḍ. Ar gis ttili 3 tsragin, 9 n tsragin ili ig gis 12 n tsragt. ism ns "Tafrdit" nɣ "Tafrdit n waman" nɣ "Tafrdit n trga".
Asfsi: iga adɣar nɣ nẓẓḍaṛ ad nini mas iga taggurt nɣ tiflut n waman, ntta as ad ttyawqqan waman f trgʷa, nɣ ar sis ttyaqqan waman f usaru sg trgʷa nɣ ar sis ttyaqqan waman sg usaru s wayyaḍ. Ar as ttinin ula "ṛṛbṭṭ n waman".

Azmz n tissi n igran

Azmz n tissi n igran nɣ azmz n mswi iga azmz g wass da g ad sswan middn igran ns. Azmz n tissi izdi s uɣbalu n waman, is iga targʷa nɣ tafṛḍit.

Azmz n trgʷa: akud nna d kkan waman targʷa nican sg wasif ar sswan middn iḍ ula azal, acku 24 n tsragt g wass, acku aman n trgʷa ssudan bdda.
Azmz n tfṛḍit: akud nna d kkan waman tafṛḍit, ar sswan middn azal sg tifawt ar tin wutci.

Tiṭṭi n waman

Aman g ku taqqbilt ar ttyabḍan f igran, tajumma n igr ad iswuttuyn (ittḥddadn) tasmkta n waman da ira as ittyafka, ig imqquṛ igr ar as akkan kada n waman, ig imẓẓi ar as akkan imiqq n waman. G kra n tqqbilin, uṭṭun n taddagin ula ntta ar iswuttuy tasmkta n waman da ira ad as ittyufka, acku ig drusn waman ar sswan middn ka taddagin ur ad sswan akal akkʷ. Ar ttyabḍan waman f wakal d imdanen, ar ittili ig ttyabḍan waman ka f warraw n tqqbilt, yan igan abṛṛani f tqqbilt ur ad as akkan aman acku ur igi iwis n tqqbilt. Akud nna ttyabḍan waman f wakal d imzdaɣ, ar asn skarn tawala, tawala igatt usnmala n middn g mswi n igran, matta wada iran ad ig amzwaru d matta wada ira ad ig amggaru d matta wada iran ad iḍfaṛ wayyaḍ. G tigira tawala n tissi ar tssudaw s imir, akud nna kmmln kullu middn ar d ttalsn daɣ sg umzwaru.

Taɣarast n tiṭṭi n waman

Assmrs n tanast g tsga n tfrawt n wammln, Lmɣrib

Tiṭṭi n waman tḍfuṛ i wadud nɣ i uzmz, ass ad ar ssmrasn middn "Lmagan nɣ tasragt" macc g ma izrin ar ssmrasn middn "Tanast" nɣ "Lmagana n waman", tanast tga imiss azayku n tiṭṭi n waman g Lmɣrib ur ittyussan man uzmz ag ssntin imɣribin assmrs ns macc nssn mas tga taqqburt, flnttid imzwwura i imggura tasut f tasut. Tlla tanast g tmizar yaḍni zun iṛumin zun i tmizar n lqqblt (Lɛiṛaq, Luṛḍun ...) tili ula g tmizar n Asya tanammast, mayad ar ittini yan wawal, afgan iga yan tussna tga yat.

Tanast: tga imiss ittyaxdamn sg umɣuz n wanas, mayann af as fkan ism n tanast. Tla tanast yan uxbu sg izddar g wammas n udis ns, ar ttisras unbḍu g waman afad ad srs kcmn waman, iqqan as d 10 n tusdisin afad ad tɛmmṛ s waman. Aman ar ttyabḍan f imzdaɣ n tqqbilt s tanasin, ku igr ar as akkan uṭṭun n tanasin da t iwdan g tissi.
Tawala: tga asnmala n middn g uzmz n mswi, matta wada iran ad izwar d matta wada iran ad t iḍfaṛ, walli izwarn dars tawala tzwar walli t iḍfaṛn, tssudu twala ar ttḍwwaṛ yan s yan arig zrin kullu ayt usun nɣ kullu at tqqbilt.
Taqqbilt: nɣ ljmaɛt nɣ aqqbil nɣ awkk imllakn, tsmun tqqbilt middn akkʷ da isswan sg yat trgʷa, yan ur ad isswan ur igi sg tqqbilt, nɣ ur igi sg tqqbilt mayan af ur ad isswa sg trgʷa n tqqbilt. Ku taqqbilt ar ttwala i yat tqqbilt, nẓẓḍaṛ ad nini mas targʷa tga ayda amgru.^[1]
Axlal: iga yan imiss ittyawssmrasn g usɣal n waman n tfṛḍit, ikkad ism ns axlal n tayyniwt minzi ar ittyawxdam sgis, macc iẓḍaṛ ad ittyawskar sg ukccuḍ n kra n taddagt yaḍni zun azmmur.

Axlal g Lwaḥt n Tgmut, 2006
Assmrs n uxlal, Lwaḥt n Tgmut, 2006

Asmrs d tsmurt n waman

Assmrs d tsmurt n waman zun akkʷ iɣrfan, imɣribin ar sisn sswan nɣ ar tn ssan nutni d imudar nsn. Taɣarast ur gis kra n umzaray iggudin ingr tasgiwin n Lmɣrib ar tn ssmrasn s yat tɣarast. G mswi n igran, ar d ttmuddun waman sg wasif ar igran sg uggug, targʷa, asaru s usfsi ilma kcmn s igr, afad ad srsn ssun taddagin nɣ taddagin d wakal ig gis kra n tuga zun amzgur, irdn, timẓin nɣ kra n wanaw yaḍni. Assmrs yaḍni igat tissi n ufgan d imudar, afgan ar d ttawin aman sg uɣbalu (lɛin) nɣ sg wasif ar d tnid ttawin s taddart ajjintn arig mmzdagn g ɣusn ilma ar sgisn ssan, acku kra s maṭln waman g taddart ar ittaggz warras s izdar n ugdur nɣ n tixibit. Assmrs wiss kṛaḍ igat asird, ar ssiridn misddn s waman, ar ssiridn ifckan n unwal nɣ iḥruyn da lssan.

Tissi n igran

Assmrs amzwaru n waman g Lmɣrib tgat tissi n igran minzi ar fllas ttɛmmadn middn g tudrt nnsn afad ad syafan uttci nnsn d uttci n imudar nnsn.

Tissi n imudar

Aman gan tafada tamqqṛant n tudrt, ur ẓḍaṛn imudar ad ddrn war aman. Tudrt n ufgan tzdi s imudar d igran ns, nutni ad ittaddjan afgan ad immuddu sg tmazirt s tayyaḍ afad ad asn yaf aman d tuga. G izmaz zwarnin iggi n wakal, iddr ufgan war taddart war tamazirt, ar ittiḍfuṛ aman d tuga inna g llan.

Imudar gan sg iwttasn n tudrt tadamsant n ufgan, mayadd ad t ittadjan ad isiggil aman i ixf ns, isigglin i imudar ns.

Tissi n ufgan

Afgan awd ntta isɣawsa s waman i tasult n tudrt ns, ur ad issa ufgan sg uɣbalu inna ukan iga, ar isɣawsa s waman imzdagn zun d aman n iɣbula d waman n una.