Agham

Ang agham (mula sa Sanskrito: आगम, āgama) , kilala rin sa tawag na siyensiya (mula sa Kastila: ciencia), ay kapwa ang proseso sa pagtamo ng kaalaman at ang organisadong bahagi ng kaalaman na natamo sa pamamagitan ng pamamaraan nito. Ang prosesong makaagham (scientific process) ay ang sistematikong pagtamo ng bagong kaalaman tungkol sa isang sistema. Karaniwan, ang pamamaraang makaagham (scientific method) ay ang sistematikong pagtamo, at ang kalikasan at iba't ibang bahagi nito ang siyang sistema. Ang agham ay itinuturing din na ang makaagham na kaalaman na sistemikong natamo ng makaagham.

Kasaysayan

Sa isang malawak na kahulugan, ang agham ay umiiral na bago pa man ang makabagong panahon at sa maraming makasaysayang kabihasnan, subalit ang makabagong agham ay natatangi sa kanyang aghaming pamamaraan at naging matagumpay sa pagtukoy kung ano ang agham sa pinakatumpak na kahulugan ng salitang ito.^[1]

Mga sangay ng agham

Pormal na agham (Formal sciences)

Matematika/Sipnayan (Mathematics)
Lohika/Matwiran (Logic)

Agham pangkalikasan (Natural sciences)

Pisika/Liknayan o Hipnayan (Physics)
- Akustika/Tunugan (Acoustics)
- Astrodinamika/Talaisigan (Astrodynamics)
- Dalubtalaan (Astronomy)
- Astropisika/Talaliknayan (Astrophysics)
- Pisikang atomiko, molekular at optikal(Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics)
- Biyopisika (Biophysics)
- Pisika pangkomputasyonal (Computational physics)
- Pisika ng kondensadong materya (Condensed matter physics)
- Kriyonika (Cryogenics)
- Dinamika (Dynamics)
- Elektronika (Electronics)
- Inhenyeriya (Engineering)
- Daluying dinamika (Fluid dynamics)
- Pisika ng materyales (Materials physics)
- Matematikang pisika (Mathematical physics)
- Mekanikang kwantum (Quantum mechanics)
- Mekanika/Sigwasan (Mechanics)
- Pisikang nukleyar/Buturan (Nuclear physics)
- Optika/Sugaan (Optics)
- Pisikang partikulo/Liknayang pampartikulo (o High Energy Physics) (Particle physics)
- Pisikang plasma (Plasma physics)
- Pisikang polimero (Polymer physics)
- Dinamika ng Sasakyan (Vehicle dynamics)

Kimika/Kapnayan (Chemistry)
- Analitikal na kimika (Analytical chemistry)
- Biokimika (Biochemistry)
- Kimikang komputasyonal (Computational chemistry)
- Elektrokimika (Electrochemistry)
- Inorganikong kimika (Inorganic chemistry)
- Agham ng materyales (Materials science)
- Organikong kimika (Organic chemistry)
- Pisikong kimika (Physical chemistry)
- Kimikang quantum (Quantum chemistry)
- Espektroskopiya (Spectroscopy)
- Estereokimika (Stereochemistry)
- Termokimika (Thermochemistry)

Agham pangmundo (Earth Sciences)
- Heodesiya (Geodesy)
- Heograpiya/Taladutaan (Geography)
- Heolohiya/Dutaan (Geology)
- Meteorolohiya (Meteorology)
- Oseyanograpiya (Oceanography)
- Limnolohiya (Limnology)
- Seismolohiya (Seismology)

Biolohiya/Haynayan (Biology)
- Agham agrikultural (Agricultural science)
- Anatomiya/Dalubkatawan (Anatomy)
- Antropolohiya/Dalubtauhan o Agham-tao (Anthropology)
- Astrobiolohiya (Astrobiology)
- Biokemika (Biochemistry)
- Bioimpormatika (Bioinformatics)
- Biopisika (Biophysics)
- Botaniya (Botany)
- Biolohiya ng selula/Biolohiyang pangsihay (Cell biology)
- Kladistika (Cladistics)
- Cytolohiya (Cytology)
- Biolohiya ng pag-unlad (Developmental biology)
- Ekolohiya/Palamuhayan o Araling pangkapaligiran (Ecology)
- Entomolohiya/Dalubkulisapan (Entomology)
- Epidemiyolohiya (Epidemiology)
- Ebolusyon (Evolution)
- Biolohiya ng ebolusyonaryong pag-unlad (Evolutionary developmental biology)
- Biohiya pang-tabang na tubig (Freshwater Biology)
- Henetika/Palamanahan (Population genetics, Genomics, Proteomics) (Henetika)
- Agham pangkalusugan (Health Science)
  - Dentistriya (Dentistry)
  - Medisina/Panggagamot (Medicine)
  - Parmakolohiya (Pharmacology)
  - Toksikolohiya (Toxicology)
  - Beterinaryong medisina (Veterinary medicine)
- Histolohiya/Palasihayanan (Histology)
- Immunolohiya (Immunology)
- Biolohiyang marino (Marine biology)
- Mikrobiyolohiya (Microbiology)
- Biolohiyang molekular/Biolohiyang pantipik o pangmolatil (Molecular Biology)
- Morpolohiya (Morphology)
- Neurosiyensiya (Neuroscience)
- Onkolohiya (the study of cancer) (Oncology)
- Ontoheniya (Ontogeny)
- Paleontolohiya (Paleontology)
- Patolohiya (Pathology)
- Phykolohiya (Algology) (Phycology)
- Phyloheniya (Phylogeny)
- Pisyolohiya (Physiology)
- Biolohiyang istraktural (Structural biology)
- Taksonomiya (Taxonomy)
- Toksikolohiya (Toxicology)
- Virolohiya (Virology)
- Zoolohiya (Zoology)

Agham panlipunan (Social sciences)

Antropolohiya/Agham-tao o Dalubtauhan (Anthropology)
- Arkeolohiya (Archaeology)
Ekonomiya (Economics)
Linguistika/Dalubwikaan (Linguistics)
- Etimolohiya
Sikolohiya/Dalubisipan (Psychology)
Gawaing panlipunan
Sosyolohiya/Dalubulnangan (Sociology)
Pilosopiya (Philosophy)

Mga Sanggunian

↑ "The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" — one that ... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." — David Pingree (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science" Isis 83 554-63, as cited on p.3, David C. Lindberg (2007), The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, Second ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7

[1] "The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" — one that ... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." — David Pingree (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science" Isis 83 554-63, as cited on p.3, David C. Lindberg (2007), The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, Second ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7

[1]