閃鋅礦:修订间差异
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{{Infobox mineral |
{{Infobox mineral |
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| name = 闪锌矿 |
| name = 闪锌矿 |
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| category = 硫化物 |
| category = [[硫化物矿物]] |
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| image = Sphalerite - Creede, Mineral County, Colorado, USA.jpg |
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| boxwidth = |
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| imagesize = 275px |
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| caption = 黑色闪锌矿晶体,含有少量[[黄铜矿]]和[[方解石]] |
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| image = |
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| formula = {{chem2|ZnS}} |
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| IMAsymbol = Sp<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|access-date=2022-08-07|archive-date=2022-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722124145/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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| caption = |
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| molweight = |
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| strunz = 2.CB.05a |
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| dana = 02.08.02.01 |
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| system = [[立方晶系|立方]] |
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| class = 六面体 ({{overline|4}}3m) <br/>[[H-M记号]]:({{overline|4}} 3m) |
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| system = [[等轴晶系]] |
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| symmetry = ''F''{{overline|4}}3m (No. 216) |
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| twinning = |
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| unit cell = a = 5.406 Å; Z = 4 |
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| cleavage = |
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| color = 浅至深棕色、红棕色、黄色、红色、绿色、浅蓝色、黑色和无色。 |
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| fracture = |
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| habit = 自面体晶体——形成良好的晶体,表现出良好的外部形状。粒状——通常在基质中以自面体到半面体晶体的形式出现。 |
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| mohs = 3–4 |
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| cleavage = [011]完全解理 |
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| twinning = 简单的接触孪晶或复杂的层状形式,双轴[111] |
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| refractive = |
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| fracture = 参差状到贝壳状 |
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| opticalprop = |
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| mohs = 3.5–4 |
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| birefringence = |
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| luster = 金刚光泽,树脂光泽,油脂光泽 |
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| pleochroism = |
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| refractive = n<sub>α</sub> = 2.369 |
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| streak = 白色至褐色 |
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| opticalprop = 各向同性 |
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| birefringence = |
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| pleochroism = |
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| streak = 棕白色,淡黄色 |
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| fusibility = |
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| gravity = 3.9–4.2 |
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| melt = |
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| fusibility = |
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| diaphaneity = 透明至半透明 |
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| diagnostic = |
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| solubility = |
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| diaphaneity = 透明到半透明,富含铁时不透明 |
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| other = 荧光和摩擦发光 |
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| references = <ref>{{WebMineral |url=http://webmineral.com/data/Sphalerite.shtml |name=Sphalerite |access-date=2011-06-20}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{Mindat |id=3727 |name=Sphalerite |access-date=2011-06-20}}</ref><ref name=Handbook>{{cite web |last1=Anthony |first1=John W. |last2=Bideaux |first2=Richard A. |last3=Bladh |first3=Kenneth W. |last4=Nichols |first4=Monte C. |title=Sphalerite |url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf |website=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=Mineral Data Publishing |access-date=14 March 2022 |date=2005 |archive-date=2022-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024014904/https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/sphalerite.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> |
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| SMILES = [SH+2]12[ZnH2-2][SH+2]3[ZnH2-2][SH+2]([ZnH-2]14)[ZnH-2]1[S+2]5([ZnH-2]38)[Zn-2]26[SH+2]2[ZnH-2]([S+2]4)[SH+2]1[ZnH2-2][SH+2]3[ZnH-2]2[S+2][ZnH-2]([SH+2]6[ZnH-2]([SH+2])[SH+2]68)[SH+2]([ZnH2-2]6)[ZnH-2]35 |
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| Jmol = [SH+2]12[ZnH2-2][SH+2]3[ZnH2-2][SH+2]([ZnH-2]14)[ZnH-2]1[S+2]5([ZnH-2]38)[Zn-2]26[SH+2]2[ZnH-2]([S+2]4)[SH+2]1[ZnH2-2][SH+2]3[ZnH-2]2[S+2][ZnH-2]([SH+2]6[ZnH-2]([SH+2])[SH+2]68)[SH+2]([ZnH2-2]6)[ZnH-2]35 |
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}} |
}} |
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'''闪锌矿'''({{lang-en|Sphalerite}})是一种[[硫化物]]矿物,[[化学式]]为ZnS。<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Muntyan|first=Barbara L.|date=1999|title=Colorado Sphalerite|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529909602545|journal=Rocks & Minerals|language=en|volume=74|issue=4|pages=220–235|doi=10.1080/00357529909602545|issn=0035-7529|via=Scholars Portal Journals|access-date=2022-08-07|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617164408/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529909602545|dead-url=no}}</ref>它是最重要的锌矿石。闪锌矿存在于多种矿床类型中,但主要存在于沉积喷流型、密西西比河谷型和[[块状硫化物矿床]]中。它与[[方铅矿]]、[[黄铜矿]]、[[黄铁矿]](和其他[[硫化物]])、[[方解石]]、[[白云石]]、[[石英]]、[[菱锰矿]]和[[萤石]]伴生。<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|last=Nesse|first=William D.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/817795500|title=Introduction to optical mineralogy|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-984627-6|edition=4th|location=New York|pages=121|oclc=817795500}}</ref> |
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[[File:Sphalerite4.jpg|thumb|閃鋅礦樣本]] |
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'''闪锌矿'''是种由[[鋅]]和[[鐵]]结合的[[硫化物]]。晶形常为四面体状。純閃鋅礦近於無色,但随着成分中铁含量的增加由淺黃、黃褐、棕甚至黑色,因此難鑑定。具有完全的菱形十二面體[[解理]]。 |
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德国地质学家{{le|欧内斯特·弗里德里希·格洛克|Ernst Friedrich Glocker}}在1847年最早发现了闪锌矿,并根据希腊语''sphaleros''命名,意思是“欺骗”,因为这种矿物难以识别。<ref>{{cite book |last=Glocker |first=Ernst Friedrich |author-link=Ernst Friedrich Glocker |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/995480390 |title=Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt mineralium nomina complectens. : Adjectis synonymis et veteribus et recentioribus ac novissimarum analysium chemicarum summis. Systematis mineralium naturalis prodromus. |oclc=995480390}}</ref> |
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闪锌矿常与[[方铅矿]]密切共生在热液矿床中。主要的礦場位在[[西班牙]]北部的[[坎塔布連山脈]]、墨西哥的[[索諾拉州]]、[[中國]][[南京]][[栖霞]]等地方,是分布最廣的鋅礦之一。 |
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除锌外,闪锌矿是[[镉]]、[[镓]]、[[锗]]和[[铟]]的矿石。'''铁闪锌矿'''({{lang-en|Marmatite}})是一种不透明的黑色品种,含铁量高。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Jiahui|last2=Jiang|first2=Feng|last3=Li|first3=Sijie|last4=Zhao|first4=Wenqing|last5=Sun|first5=Wei|last6=Ji|first6=Xiaobo|last7=Yang|first7=Yue|date=2019|title=Natural marmatite with low discharge platform and excellent cyclicity as potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013468619315476|journal=ElectrochimicaActa|language=en|volume=321|page=134676|doi=10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134676|s2cid=202080193|via=Elsevier SD Freedom Collection}}</ref> |
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闪锌矿是炼锌的主要原料,也是一部分[[铟]]、[[镓]]等稀散元素的来源。 |
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==晶体习性和结构== |
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{{礦物小作品}} |
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[[File:Sphalerite-unit-cell-depth-fade-3D-balls.png|left|thumb|闪锌矿的晶体结构]] |
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[[Category:硫化物礦物]] |
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闪锌矿以[[面心立方]]闪锌矿结构结晶,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Klein|first=Cornelis|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962853030|title=Earth materials: introduction to mineralogy and petrology|date=2017|others=Anthony R. Philpotts|isbn=978-1-107-15540-4|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|oclc=962853030}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=Second|chapter=Earth materials : introduction to mineralogy and petrology|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962853030|date=2017|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-107-15540-4|oclc=962853030|first=Anthony R.|last=Philpotts}}</ref>这种结构以此矿物命名。该结构属于六面体晶体种类(空间群''F''{{overline|4}}3m)。在结构中,硫和锌(或铁离子)都占据了面心立方晶胞的点,两个晶格相互位移,而硫原子与它们呈四面体配位。反之亦然。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornelis |last2=Hurlbut |first2=Cornelius S., Jr. |title=Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofmineraloed21klei |date=1993 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=047157452X |edition=21st |page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofmineraloed21klei/page/211 211]–212}}</ref>与闪锌矿相似的矿物包括闪锌矿族中的矿物,包括闪锌矿、[[碲汞矿]]、[[方硫镉矿]]、[[黑辰砂]]、[[方硒锌矿]]和[[灰硒汞矿]]。<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Robert B.|date=2003|title=Connoisseur's Choice: Sphalerite, Eagle Mine, Gilman, Eagle County, Colorado|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529.2003.9926742|journal=Rocks & Minerals|language=en|volume=78|issue=5|pages=330–334|doi=10.1080/00357529.2003.9926742|s2cid=130762310|issn=0035-7529|access-date=2022-08-04|archive-date=2022-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804001850/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529.2003.9926742|dead-url=no}}</ref>这种结构与[[金刚石]]结构密切相关。<ref name=":5" />闪锌矿的[[六方晶系|六方]]晶型是[[纤锌矿]]。<ref name=":6" />纤锌矿是较高温度的多形体,在高于{{convert|1020|C}}的温度下稳定。<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Deer|first=W. A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858884283|title=An introduction to the rock-forming minerals|date=2013|others=R. A. Howie, J. Zussman|isbn=978-0-903056-27-4|edition=3rd|location=London|oclc=858884283}}</ref>闪锌矿晶体结构中硫化锌的晶格常数为0.541[[纳米|nm]]。<ref name="ICDD">[http://www.icdd.com/ International Centre for Diffraction Data reference 04-004-3804] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icdd.com/ |date=20190924024926 }}, ICCD reference 04-004-3804.</ref>闪锌矿可被发现为假晶型,其晶体结构为[[方铅矿]]、[[黝铜矿]]、[[重晶石]]和[[方解石]]。<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kloprogge|first=J. Theo|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/999727666|title=Photo atlas of mineral pseudomorphism|date=2017|others=Robert M. Lavinsky|isbn=978-0-12-803703-4|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|oclc=999727666}}</ref>闪锌矿可以有尖晶石规则孪晶,其中孪晶轴为[111]。<ref name=":6" /><gallery wid |
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[[Category:含锌矿物]] |
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闪锌矿的化学式为{{chem2|(Zn,Fe)S}};铁含量一般随着地层温度的升高而上升,最高可达40%。<ref name=":35"/>该材料可以被认为是二元端点[[硫化锌|ZnS]]和[[硫化亚铁|FeS]]之间的三元化合物,其成分为Zn<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>(1-x)</sub>S,其中x的范围可以从1(纯ZnS)到0.6。 |
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[[ar:سفاليريت]] |
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[[be:Сфалерыт]] |
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所有天然闪锌矿都含有一定浓度的各种杂质,一般在晶格中取代锌的阳离子位置;最常见的阳离子杂质是[[镉]]、[[汞]]和[[锰]],但[[镓]]、[[锗]]和[[铟]]也可能以相对较高的浓度存在(数百至数千ppm)。<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Nigel J.|last2=Ciobanu|first2=Cristiana L.|last3=Pring|first3=Allan|last4=Skinner|first4=William|last5=Shimizu|first5=Masaaki|last6=Danyushevsky|first6=Leonid|last7=Saini-Eidukat|first7=Bernhardt|last8=Melcher|first8=Frank|date=2009|title=Trace and minor elements in sphalerite: A LA-ICPMS study|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016703709003263|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|language=en|volume=73|issue=16|pages=4761–4791|doi=10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.045|bibcode=2009GeCoA..73.4761C|access-date=2022-08-07|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108122710/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016703709003263|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Frenzel|first1=Max|last2=Hirsch|first2=Tamino|last3=Gutzmer|first3=Jens|date=July 2016|title=Gallium, germanium, indium, and other trace and minor elements in sphalerite as a function of deposit type — A meta-analysis|journal=Ore Geology Reviews|volume=76|pages=52–78|doi=10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.12.017}}</ref>镉可以替代高达1%的锌,而锰通常存在于具有铁丰度高的闪锌矿中。<ref name=":6" />阴离子位置的硫可以被[[硒]]和[[碲]]取代。<ref name=":6" />这些杂质的丰度受闪锌矿形成的条件控制;地层温度、压力、元素可用性和流体成分是重要的控制因素。<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[bs:Sfalerit]] |
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[[ca:Esfalerita]] |
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==特性== |
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[[cs:Sfalerit]] |
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[[de:Sphalerit]] |
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===物理性质=== |
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[[el:Σφαλερίτης]] |
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闪锌矿具有完美的十二面体[[解理]],有六个解理面。<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":72">{{Cite book|last1=Klein|first1=Cornelis|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975051556|title=Earth materials : introduction to mineralogy and petrology|last2=Philpotts|first2=Anthony|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-107-15540-4|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|oclc=975051556}}</ref>在纯粹的形式中,它是一种半导体,但随着铁含量的增加而转变为导体。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=Jiushuai |last2=Lai |first2=Hao |last3=Chen |first3=Miao |last4=Glen |first4=Matthew |last5=Wen |first5=Shuming |last6=Zhao |first6=Biao |last7=Liu |first7=Zilong |last8=Yang |first8=Hua |last9=Liu |first9=Mingshi |last10=Huang |first10=Lingyun |last11=Guan |first11=Shiliang |last12=Wang |first12=Ping |title=Effect of iron concentration on the crystallization and electronic structure of sphalerite/marmatite: A DFT study |journal=Minerals Engineering |date=June 2019 |volume=136 |pages=168–174 |doi=10.1016/j.mineng.2019.02.012|s2cid=182111130 }}</ref> 在矿物硬度的[[莫氏硬度]]范围内,它的硬度为3.5 - 4 。<ref name=King/> |
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[[en:Sphalerite]] |
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[[es:Blenda]] |
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它可以通过完美的解理、独特的树脂光泽和深色品种的红棕色条纹与类似矿物区分开来。{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|p=357}} |
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[[fa:اسفالریت]] |
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[[fi:Sinkkivälke]] |
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===光学特性=== |
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[[fr:Sphalérite]] |
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[[File:Sphalerite fluorescing.jpg|left|thumb|闪锌矿在紫外光下发出荧光。(森肯伯格自然历史博物馆)]] |
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[[he:ספלריט]] |
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纯净的[[硫化锌]]是一种[[宽带隙半导体]],带隙约为3.54电子伏特,这使得纯物质在可见光谱中是透明的。增加铁含量会使材料变得不透明,而各种杂质可以赋予晶体多种颜色。<ref name=King>Hobart M. King, [https://geology.com/minerals/sphalerite.shtml Sphalerite] {{Wayback|url=https://geology.com/minerals/sphalerite.shtml |date=20221127120425 }}, geology.com. Retrieved 22 Feb. 2022.</ref>在薄片中,闪锌矿呈现出非常高的正[[光学浮凸|浮凸]],呈无色至淡黄色或棕色,无[[多色性]]。<ref name=":35"/> |
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[[hr:Sfalerit]] |
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[[hu:Szfalerit]] |
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根据杂质的不同,它会在紫外线下发出[[荧光]]。 |
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[[io:Blendo]] |
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[[it:Sfalerite]] |
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闪锌矿的[[折射率]](通过钠光测量,平均波长589.3 nm)从纯ZnS时的2.37到铁含量为40%时的2.50不等。<ref name=":35"/>闪锌矿在交叉偏振光下是[[各向同性]]的,但如果闪锌矿与其多形体纤锌矿共生,则会发生双折射;双折射可以从0(0%纤锌矿)增加到0.022(100%纤锌矿)。<ref name=":35"/><ref name=":7" /> |
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[[ja:閃亜鉛鉱]] |
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[[kk:Сфалерит]] |
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==用途== |
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[[lt:Sfaleritas]] |
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[[lv:Sfalerīts]] |
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===金属矿石=== |
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[[nds:Sphalerit]] |
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闪锌矿是重要的锌矿石;大约95%的原生锌是从闪锌矿中提取的。<ref name=USGS>{{Cite web|title=Zinc Statistics and Information|url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/zinc-statistics-and-information|access-date=2021-02-25|website=www.usgs.gov|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130153001/https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/zinc-statistics-and-information|dead-url=no}}</ref>然而,由于其微量元素含量可变,闪锌矿也是其他几种金属的重要来源,例如替代锌的镉<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cadmium/|title=Cadmium - In: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries|publisher=United States Geological Survey|year=2017|access-date=2022-08-07|archive-date=2019-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109055157/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cadmium/|dead-url=no}}</ref>、镓<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frenzel|first1=Max|last2=Ketris|first2=Marina P.|last3=Seifert|first3=Thomas|last4=Gutzmer|first4=Jens|date=March 2016|title=On the current and future availability of gallium|journal=Resources Policy|volume=47|pages=38–50|doi=10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.11.005}}</ref>、锗<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frenzel|first1=Max|last2=Ketris|first2=Marina P.|last3=Gutzmer|first3=Jens|date=2014-04-01|title=On the geological availability of germanium|journal=Mineralium Deposita|language=en|volume=49|issue=4|pages=471–486|bibcode=2014MinDe..49..471F|doi=10.1007/s00126-013-0506-z|issn=0026-4598|s2cid=129902592}}</ref>、和铟<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frenzel|first1=Max|last2=Mikolajczak|first2=Claire|last3=Reuter|first3=Markus A.|last4=Gutzmer|first4=Jens|date=June 2017|title=Quantifying the relative availability of high-tech by-product metals – The cases of gallium, germanium and indium|journal=Resources Policy|volume=52|pages=327–335|doi=10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.04.008|doi-access=free}}</ref>。这种矿石最初被矿工称为''blende''(来自德语''blind''或''deceiving''),因为它类似于[[方铅矿]],但不产生[[铅]]。{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|p=357}} |
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[[nl:Zinkblende]] |
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[[nn:Sinkblende]] |
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===黄铜和青铜=== |
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[[no:Sinkblende]] |
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闪锌矿中的锌用于生产[[黄铜]],这是一种铜与3 – 45%锌的合金。<ref name=":72"/>黄铜物体的合金主要元素成分提供了证据,证明闪锌矿被伊斯兰用于生产黄铜,早在公元7世纪至16世纪之间的[[中世纪]]时代。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Craddock|first=P.T.|title=Brass in the medieval Islamic world; 2000 years of zinc and brass|publisher=British Museum Publications Ltd.|year=1990|isbn=0-86159-050-3|pages=73–101}}</ref> 在公元12世纪至13世纪([[晋朝]])中国北方的黄铜胶结过程中也可能使用了闪锌矿。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xiao|first1=Hongyan|last2=Huang|first2=Xin|last3=Cui|first3=Jianfeng|date=2020|title=Local cementation brass production during 12th–13th century CE, North China: Evidences from a royal summer palace of Jin Dynasty|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352409X2030448X|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|language=en|volume=34|pages=102657|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102657|s2cid=229414402}}</ref>与黄铜类似,闪锌矿中的锌也可用于生产某些类型的[[青铜]];青铜主要是铜与[[锡]]、锌、铅、[[镍]]、[[铁]]和[[砷]]等其他金属形成合金。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tylecote|first=R. F.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/705004248|title=A history of metallurgy|date=2002|publisher=Maney Pub., for the Institute of Materials|others=Institute of Materials|isbn=1-902653-79-3|edition=2nd|location=London|oclc=705004248}}</ref> |
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[[pl:Sfaleryt]] |
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[[pt:Blenda]] |
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===其他=== |
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[[ro:Blendă]] |
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* [[镀锌|镀锌铁]] – 闪锌矿中的锌用作保护涂层,以防止腐蚀和生锈;用于输电塔、钉子和汽车。<ref name=":84">{{Cite book|title=Zinc|chapter=Major Commodity Organizations |date=2003-09-02|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781135356118/chapters/10.4324/9780203403556-47|work=Agricultural and Mineral Commodities Year Book|pages=358–366|edition=0|publisher=Routledge|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780203403556-47|isbn=978-0-203-40355-6|access-date=2021-02-25}}</ref> |
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[[ru:Сфалерит]] |
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* 电池<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hai|first1=Yun|last2=Wang|first2=Shuonan|last3=Liu|first3=Hao|last4=Lv|first4=Guocheng|last5=Mei|first5=Lefu|last6=Liao|first6=Libing|date=2020|title=Nanosized Zinc Sulfide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Synthesized from Natural Bulk Sphalerite as Good Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11837-020-04372-5|journal=JOM|language=en|volume=72|issue=12|pages=4505–4513|doi=10.1007/s11837-020-04372-5|bibcode=2020JOM....72.4505H|s2cid=224897123|issn=1047-4838}}</ref> |
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[[sh:Sfalerit]] |
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* [[宝石]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Voudouris|first1=Panagiotis|last2=Mavrogonatos|first2=Constantinos|last3=Graham|first3=Ian|last4=Giuliani|first4=Gaston|last5=Tarantola|first5=Alexandre|last6=Melfos|first6=Vasilios|last7=Karampelas|first7=Stefanos|last8=Katerinopoulos|first8=Athanasios|last9=Magganas|first9=Andreas|date=2019-07-29|title=Gemstones of Greece: Geology and Crystallizing Environments|journal=Minerals|language=en|volume=9|issue=8|pages=461|doi=10.3390/min9080461|bibcode=2019Mine....9..461V|issn=2075-163X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Murphy|first1=Jack|last2=Modreski|first2=Peter|date=2002-08-01|title=A Tour of Colorado Gemstone Localities|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529.2002.9925639|journal=Rocks & Minerals|language=en|volume=77|issue=4|pages=218–238|doi=10.1080/00357529.2002.9925639|s2cid=128754037|issn=0035-7529|access-date=2022-08-07|archive-date=2022-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807063345/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529.2002.9925639|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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[[simple:Sphalerite]] |
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[[sk:Sfalerit]] |
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==圖集== |
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[[sl:Sfalerit]] |
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<gallery> |
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[[sr:Сфалерит]] |
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File:Sphalerite-barite (Cumberland Mine, Smith County, Tennessee, USA).jpg|美国田纳西州坎伯兰矿的闪锌矿和重晶石 |
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[[sv:Zinkblände]] |
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File:Sphalerite on dolostone (Millersville Quarry, Sandusky County, Ohio, USA).jpg|白云石上的闪锌矿,来自美国俄亥俄州米勒斯维尔采石场 |
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[[uk:Сфалерит]] |
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File:Calcite-Sphalerite-elm05b.jpg|附在黑色闪锌矿晶簇上的棕褐色方解石晶体 |
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[[vi:Sphalerit]] |
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File:Sphalerite-221270.jpg|来自美国科罗拉多州乌雷区特柳赖德Idarado矿的尖锐四面体闪锌矿晶体和少量伴生黄铜矿 |
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[[yo:Sphalerite]] |
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File:Sphalerite-Quartz-261762.jpg|来自中国湖南省的宝石级双晶樱桃红色闪锌矿晶体(1.8 cm) |
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File:Esfalerita (Blenda acaramelada) Áliva, Cantabria.jpg|来自西班牙坎塔布里亚卡马莱尼奥Áliva的闪锌矿晶体 |
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File:Fluorite and sphalerite J1.jpg|来自美国田纳西州史密斯县Elmwood矿的紫色萤石和闪锌矿 |
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File:Geodized brachiopod.jpg|大地[[腕足动物]]中的闪锌矿晶体 |
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</gallery> |
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== 參考資料 == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==延伸閱讀== |
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*Dana's Manual of Mineralogy {{ISBN|0-471-03288-3}} |
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*Webster, R., Read, P. G. (Ed.) (2000). ''Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification'' (5th ed.), p. 386. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. {{ISBN|0-7506-1674-1}} |
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==外部链接== |
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{{Commons category|Sphalerite}} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081019230935/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/b3.html The sphalerite structure] |
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*[http://www.physorg.com/news85048433.html Possible relation of Sphalerite to origins of life and precursor chemicals in 'Primordial Soup'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.physorg.com/news85048433.html |date=20111019043642 }} |
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*[http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sulfides/sphaleri/sphaleri.htm Minerals.net] {{Wayback|url=http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sulfides/sphaleri/sphaleri.htm |date=20100612045432 }} |
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*[http://simplethinking.com/palache/sphalerite.stm Minerals of Franklin, NJ] {{Wayback|url=http://simplethinking.com/palache/sphalerite.stm |date=20051102003504 }} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:宝石]] |
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[[Category:硫化物矿物]] |
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[[Category:含锌矿物]] |
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[[Category:立方晶系矿物]] |
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[[Category:发光矿物]] |
2024年6月11日 (二) 14:59的最新版本
闪锌矿 | |
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基本資料 | |
類別 | 硫化物矿物 |
化学式 | ZnS |
IMA記號 | Sp[1] |
施特龙茨分类 | 2.CB.05a |
戴納礦物分類 | 02.08.02.01 |
晶体分类 | 六面体 (43m) H-M记号:(4 3m) |
晶体空间群 | F43m (No. 216) |
晶胞 | a = 5.406 Å; Z = 4 |
性質 | |
顏色 | 浅至深棕色、红棕色、黄色、红色、绿色、浅蓝色、黑色和无色。 |
晶体惯态 | 自面体晶体——形成良好的晶体,表现出良好的外部形状。粒状——通常在基质中以自面体到半面体晶体的形式出现。 |
晶系 | 立方 |
雙晶 | 简单的接触孪晶或复杂的层状形式,双轴[111] |
解理 | [011]完全解理 |
断口 | 参差状到贝壳状 |
莫氏硬度 | 3.5–4 |
光澤 | 金刚光泽,树脂光泽,油脂光泽 |
條痕 | 棕白色,淡黄色 |
透明性 | 透明到半透明,富含铁时不透明 |
比重 | 3.9–4.2 |
光學性質 | 各向同性 |
折射率 | nα = 2.369 |
其他特徵 | 荧光和摩擦发光 |
參考文獻 | [2][3][4] |
闪锌矿(英語:Sphalerite)是一种硫化物矿物,化学式为ZnS。[5]它是最重要的锌矿石。闪锌矿存在于多种矿床类型中,但主要存在于沉积喷流型、密西西比河谷型和块状硫化物矿床中。它与方铅矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿(和其他硫化物)、方解石、白云石、石英、菱锰矿和萤石伴生。[6]
德国地质学家欧内斯特·弗里德里希·格洛克在1847年最早发现了闪锌矿,并根据希腊语sphaleros命名,意思是“欺骗”,因为这种矿物难以识别。[7]
除锌外,闪锌矿是镉、镓、锗和铟的矿石。铁闪锌矿(英語:Marmatite)是一种不透明的黑色品种,含铁量高。[8]
晶体习性和结构
[编辑]闪锌矿以面心立方闪锌矿结构结晶,[9][10]这种结构以此矿物命名。该结构属于六面体晶体种类(空间群F43m)。在结构中,硫和锌(或铁离子)都占据了面心立方晶胞的点,两个晶格相互位移,而硫原子与它们呈四面体配位。反之亦然。[11]与闪锌矿相似的矿物包括闪锌矿族中的矿物,包括闪锌矿、碲汞矿、方硫镉矿、黑辰砂、方硒锌矿和灰硒汞矿。[12]这种结构与金刚石结构密切相关。[9]闪锌矿的六方晶型是纤锌矿。[12]纤锌矿是较高温度的多形体,在高于1,020 °C(1,870 °F)的温度下稳定。[13]闪锌矿晶体结构中硫化锌的晶格常数为0.541nm。[14]闪锌矿可被发现为假晶型,其晶体结构为方铅矿、黝铜矿、重晶石和方解石。[13][15]闪锌矿可以有尖晶石规则孪晶,其中孪晶轴为[111]。[12]
该材料可以被认为是二元端点ZnS和FeS之间的三元化合物,其成分为ZnxFe(1-x)S,其中x的范围可以从1(纯ZnS)到0.6。
所有天然闪锌矿都含有一定浓度的各种杂质,一般在晶格中取代锌的阳离子位置;最常见的阳离子杂质是镉、汞和锰,但镓、锗和铟也可能以相对较高的浓度存在(数百至数千ppm)。[16][17]镉可以替代高达1%的锌,而锰通常存在于具有铁丰度高的闪锌矿中。[12]阴离子位置的硫可以被硒和碲取代。[12]这些杂质的丰度受闪锌矿形成的条件控制;地层温度、压力、元素可用性和流体成分是重要的控制因素。[17]
特性
[编辑]物理性质
[编辑]闪锌矿具有完美的十二面体解理,有六个解理面。[9][18]在纯粹的形式中,它是一种半导体,但随着铁含量的增加而转变为导体。[19] 在矿物硬度的莫氏硬度范围内,它的硬度为3.5 - 4 。[20]
它可以通过完美的解理、独特的树脂光泽和深色品种的红棕色条纹与类似矿物区分开来。[21]
光学特性
[编辑]纯净的硫化锌是一种宽带隙半导体,带隙约为3.54电子伏特,这使得纯物质在可见光谱中是透明的。增加铁含量会使材料变得不透明,而各种杂质可以赋予晶体多种颜色。[20]在薄片中,闪锌矿呈现出非常高的正浮凸,呈无色至淡黄色或棕色,无多色性。[6]
根据杂质的不同,它会在紫外线下发出荧光。
闪锌矿的折射率(通过钠光测量,平均波长589.3 nm)从纯ZnS时的2.37到铁含量为40%时的2.50不等。[6]闪锌矿在交叉偏振光下是各向同性的,但如果闪锌矿与其多形体纤锌矿共生,则会发生双折射;双折射可以从0(0%纤锌矿)增加到0.022(100%纤锌矿)。[6][13]
用途
[编辑]金属矿石
[编辑]闪锌矿是重要的锌矿石;大约95%的原生锌是从闪锌矿中提取的。[22]然而,由于其微量元素含量可变,闪锌矿也是其他几种金属的重要来源,例如替代锌的镉[23]、镓[24]、锗[25]、和铟[26]。这种矿石最初被矿工称为blende(来自德语blind或deceiving),因为它类似于方铅矿,但不产生铅。[21]
黄铜和青铜
[编辑]闪锌矿中的锌用于生产黄铜,这是一种铜与3 – 45%锌的合金。[18]黄铜物体的合金主要元素成分提供了证据,证明闪锌矿被伊斯兰用于生产黄铜,早在公元7世纪至16世纪之间的中世纪时代。[27] 在公元12世纪至13世纪(晋朝)中国北方的黄铜胶结过程中也可能使用了闪锌矿。[28]与黄铜类似,闪锌矿中的锌也可用于生产某些类型的青铜;青铜主要是铜与锡、锌、铅、镍、铁和砷等其他金属形成合金。[29]
其他
[编辑]圖集
[编辑]-
美国田纳西州坎伯兰矿的闪锌矿和重晶石
-
白云石上的闪锌矿,来自美国俄亥俄州米勒斯维尔采石场
-
附在黑色闪锌矿晶簇上的棕褐色方解石晶体
-
来自美国科罗拉多州乌雷区特柳赖德Idarado矿的尖锐四面体闪锌矿晶体和少量伴生黄铜矿
-
来自中国湖南省的宝石级双晶樱桃红色闪锌矿晶体(1.8 cm)
-
来自西班牙坎塔布里亚卡马莱尼奥Áliva的闪锌矿晶体
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来自美国田纳西州史密斯县Elmwood矿的紫色萤石和闪锌矿
-
大地腕足动物中的闪锌矿晶体
參考資料
[编辑]- ^ Warr, L.N. IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine. 2021, 85 (3): 291–320 [2022-08-07]. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. S2CID 235729616. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. (原始内容存档于2022-07-22).
- ^ Sphalerite, WebMineral.com
- ^ Sphalerite, MinDat.org
- ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. Sphalerite (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. 2005 [14 March 2022]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-24).
- ^ Muntyan, Barbara L. Colorado Sphalerite. Rocks & Minerals. 1999, 74 (4): 220–235 [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0035-7529. doi:10.1080/00357529909602545. (原始内容存档于2022-06-17) –通过Scholars Portal Journals (英语).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Nesse, William D. Introduction to optical mineralogy 4th. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013: 121. ISBN 978-0-19-984627-6. OCLC 817795500.
- ^ Glocker, Ernst Friedrich. Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt mineralium nomina complectens. : Adjectis synonymis et veteribus et recentioribus ac novissimarum analysium chemicarum summis. Systematis mineralium naturalis prodromus.. OCLC 995480390.
- ^ Zhou, Jiahui; Jiang, Feng; Li, Sijie; Zhao, Wenqing; Sun, Wei; Ji, Xiaobo; Yang, Yue. Natural marmatite with low discharge platform and excellent cyclicity as potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. ElectrochimicaActa. 2019, 321: 134676. S2CID 202080193. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134676 –通过Elsevier SD Freedom Collection (英语).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Klein, Cornelis. Earth materials: introduction to mineralogy and petrology. Anthony R. Philpotts 2nd. Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2017. ISBN 978-1-107-15540-4. OCLC 962853030.
- ^ Philpotts, Anthony R. Earth materials : introduction to mineralogy and petrology. Second. Cambridge, United Kingdom https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962853030. 2017. ISBN 978-1-107-15540-4. OCLC 962853030. 缺少或
|title=
为空 (帮助) - ^ Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S., Jr. Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) 21st. New York: Wiley. 1993: 211–212. ISBN 047157452X.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Cook, Robert B. Connoisseur's Choice: Sphalerite, Eagle Mine, Gilman, Eagle County, Colorado. Rocks & Minerals. 2003, 78 (5): 330–334 [2022-08-04]. ISSN 0035-7529. S2CID 130762310. doi:10.1080/00357529.2003.9926742. (原始内容存档于2022-08-04) (英语).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Deer, W. A. An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. R. A. Howie, J. Zussman 3rd. London. 2013. ISBN 978-0-903056-27-4. OCLC 858884283.
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延伸閱讀
[编辑]- Dana's Manual of Mineralogy ISBN 0-471-03288-3
- Webster, R., Read, P. G. (Ed.) (2000). Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification (5th ed.), p. 386. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. ISBN 0-7506-1674-1
外部链接
[编辑]- The sphalerite structure
- Possible relation of Sphalerite to origins of life and precursor chemicals in 'Primordial Soup' (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Minerals.net (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Minerals of Franklin, NJ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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