对乙酰氨基酚:修订间差异
无编辑摘要 |
小 →医疗用途: 增加内部链接 标签:2017年版源代码编辑 |
||
(未显示25个用户的35个中间版本) | |||
第1行: | 第1行: | ||
{{not|乙醯柳酸|氢可酮/扑热息痛}} |
{{not|乙醯柳酸|氢可酮/扑热息痛}} |
||
{{Multiple issues| |
|||
{{medical}} |
|||
{{Expand language|1=pl|status=yes|2=fr|status2=yes|3=de|status3=yes|time=2022-12-29T05:48:56+00:00}} |
|||
{{NoteTA|G1=Chemistry|G2=Medicine}} |
|||
{{Expert needed|subject=医学|time=2022-12-29T05:48:56+00:00}} |
|||
}} |
|||
{{drugbox |
{{drugbox |
||
| Watchedfields = changed |
| Watchedfields = changed |
||
| verifiedrevid = 456349142 |
| verifiedrevid = 456349142 |
||
| IUPAC_name = ''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl) |
| IUPAC_name = ''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide |
||
| IUPAC_name_zh = ''N''-(4-羥基苯基)乙酰胺 |
|||
| imageL = Paracetamol-skeletal.svg |
| imageL = Paracetamol-skeletal.svg{{skin-invert}} |
||
| imageR = Paracetamol-from-xtal-3D-balls.png |
| imageR = Paracetamol-from-xtal-3D-balls.png |
||
| image2 = Paracetamol_substance_photo.jpg |
| image2 = Paracetamol_substance_photo.jpg |
||
第24行: | 第27行: | ||
| legal_US = OTC |
| legal_US = OTC |
||
| legal_CN = otc-b |
| legal_CN = otc-b |
||
| routes_of_administration = [[口服给药]]、{{tsl|en|Buccal administration|頰 |
| routes_of_administration = [[口服给药]]、{{tsl|en|Buccal administration|頰部給藥}}、{{tsl|en|rectal administration|直腸給藥|直腸塞劑}}、[[靜脈注射]] |
||
<!--Pharmacokinetic data--> |
<!--Pharmacokinetic data--> |
||
第33行: | 第36行: | ||
| elimination_half-life = 1–4 小時<ref name = TGA/> |
| elimination_half-life = 1–4 小時<ref name = TGA/> |
||
| excretion = 尿(85–90%)<ref name = TGA/> |
| excretion = 尿(85–90%)<ref name = TGA/> |
||
| onset = 視[[給藥途徑]]而定:<br />[[口服给药|口服]]:37 分鐘<ref name="Buccal route">{{Cite journal|title=Buccal acetaminophen provides fast analgesia: two randomized clinical trials in healthy volunteers|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25302017|last=Pickering|first=Gisèle|last2=Macian|first2=Nicolas|date=2014|journal=Drug Design, Development and Therapy|doi=10.2147/DDDT.S63476|volume=8|pages=1621–1627|issn=1177-8881|pmc=4189711|pmid=25302017|last3=Libert|first3=Frédéric|last4=Cardot|first4=J. Michel|last5=Coissard|first5=Séverine|last6=Perovitch|first6=Philippe|last7=Maury|first7=Marc|last8=Dubray|first8=Claude|quote=bAPAP has a faster time of antinociception onset (15 minutes, P<0.01) and greater antinociception at 50 minutes (P<0.01, CT1) and 30 minutes (P<0.01, CT2) than ivAPAP and sAPAP. All routes are similar after 50 minutes. ... In postoperative conditions for acute pain of mild to moderate intensity, the quickest reported time to onset of analgesia with APAP is 8 minutes9 for the iv route and 37 minutes6 for the oral route.|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221154319/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25302017/|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />{{tsl|en|Buccal administration|頰 |
| onset = 視[[給藥途徑]]而定:<br />[[口服给药|口服]]:37 分鐘<ref name="Buccal route">{{Cite journal|title=Buccal acetaminophen provides fast analgesia: two randomized clinical trials in healthy volunteers|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25302017|last=Pickering|first=Gisèle|last2=Macian|first2=Nicolas|date=2014|journal=Drug Design, Development and Therapy|doi=10.2147/DDDT.S63476|volume=8|pages=1621–1627|issn=1177-8881|pmc=4189711|pmid=25302017|last3=Libert|first3=Frédéric|last4=Cardot|first4=J. Michel|last5=Coissard|first5=Séverine|last6=Perovitch|first6=Philippe|last7=Maury|first7=Marc|last8=Dubray|first8=Claude|quote=bAPAP has a faster time of antinociception onset (15 minutes, P<0.01) and greater antinociception at 50 minutes (P<0.01, CT1) and 30 minutes (P<0.01, CT2) than ivAPAP and sAPAP. All routes are similar after 50 minutes. ... In postoperative conditions for acute pain of mild to moderate intensity, the quickest reported time to onset of analgesia with APAP is 8 minutes9 for the iv route and 37 minutes6 for the oral route.|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221154319/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25302017/|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />{{tsl|en|Buccal administration|頰部給藥|頰部}}:15分鐘<ref name="Buccal route" /><br />靜脈注射:8分鐘<ref name="Buccal route" /> |
||
<!--Identifiers--> |
<!--Identifiers--> |
||
第67行: | 第70行: | ||
| melting_point = 169 |
| melting_point = 169 |
||
| boiling_point = 420 |
| boiling_point = 420 |
||
| melting_notes =<ref>{{Cite journal|title=General melting point prediction based on a diverse compound data set and artificial neural networks|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921448|last=Karthikeyan|first=M.|last2=Glen|first2=Robert C.|date=2005-05|journal=Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling|issue=3|doi=10.1021/ci0500132|volume=45|pages=581–590|issn=1549-9596|pmid=15921448|last3=Bender|first3=Andreas|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225081706/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921448/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906|title=melting point data for paracetamol|publisher=Lxsrv7.oru.edu|accessdate=19 March 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive. |
| melting_notes =<ref>{{Cite journal|title=General melting point prediction based on a diverse compound data set and artificial neural networks|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921448|last=Karthikeyan|first=M.|last2=Glen|first2=Robert C.|date=2005-05|journal=Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling|issue=3|doi=10.1021/ci0500132|volume=45|pages=581–590|issn=1549-9596|pmid=15921448|last3=Bender|first3=Andreas|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225081706/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921448/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906|title=melting point data for paracetamol|publisher=Lxsrv7.oru.edu|accessdate=19 March 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120630213835/http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906|archivedate=2012-06-30}}</ref> |
||
|solubility=7.21 g/kg (0 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility">{{Cite journal|title=Solubility of Paracetamol in Pure Solvents|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je990124v|last=Granberg|first=Roger A.|last2=Rasmuson|first2=Åke C.|date=1999-11|journal={{tsl|en|Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data||Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data}}|issue=6|doi=10.1021/je990124v|volume=44|pages=1391–1395|language=en|issn=0021-9568|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026205908/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je990124v|dead-url=no}}</ref><br /> |
|solubility=7.21 g/kg (0 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility">{{Cite journal|title=Solubility of Paracetamol in Pure Solvents|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je990124v|last=Granberg|first=Roger A.|last2=Rasmuson|first2=Åke C.|date=1999-11|journal={{tsl|en|Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data||Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data}}|issue=6|doi=10.1021/je990124v|volume=44|pages=1391–1395|language=en|issn=0021-9568|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026205908/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je990124v|dead-url=no}}</ref><br /> |
||
8.21 g/kg (5 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility" /><br /> |
8.21 g/kg (5 °C)<ref name="paracetamol-solubility" /><br /> |
||
第77行: | 第80行: | ||
<!-- this is class not type: |type=non steroidal anti infalmatory drug (NSAIDs) --> |
<!-- this is class not type: |type=non steroidal anti infalmatory drug (NSAIDs) --> |
||
|legal_status= |
|legal_status= |
||
|licence_EU=|alt=|type=}} |
|licence_EU=|alt=|type=}}{{medical}} |
||
⚫ | {{NoteTA|G1=Chemistry|G2=Medicine}}'''對乙醯氨基酚'''({{lang-en|Acetaminophen}}、{{lang|en|Paracetamol}}、简称:{{lang|en|APAP}}),又称'''乙-{}-醯胺酚'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=止痛藥品(acetaminophen,乙醯胺酚成分)之用藥安全資訊說明 |url=https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2652-22349-1.html |access-date=2021-12-13 |date=2014-02-06 |last=食品藥物管理署 |work=衛生福利部 |archive-date=2022-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617044421/https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2652-22349-1.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>、'''扑热息痛''',是一种用於治療[[疼痛]]與[[發燒]]的[[藥物]]<ref name=AHFS2016/><ref name=pmid28734939>{{Cite journal|title=Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity-Isn't it time for APAP to go away?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28734939|last=Lee|first=William M.|date=2017-12|journal=Journal of Hepatology|issue=6|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.005|volume=67|pages=1324–1331|issn=1600-0641|pmc=5696016|pmid=28734939|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029171952/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28734939/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。可用於緩解輕度至中度的疼痛<ref name=AHFS2016/>,本品對於孩童的退燒效果仍未有決定性結論<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Paracetamol versus placebo or physical methods for treating fever in children|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD003676|last=Meremikwu|first=Martin M|last2=Oyo-Ita|first2=Angela|date=2002-04-22|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003676|editor-last=Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group|language=en|pmc=6532671|pmid=12076499}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=De Martino|first1=Maurizio|last2=Chiarugi|first2=Alberto|title=Recent Advances in Pediatric Use of Oral Paracetamol in Fever and Pain Management|journal=Pain and Therapy|date=2015|volume=4|issue=2|pages=149–168|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40122-015-0040-z|doi=10.1007/s40122-015-0040-z|access-date=2018-02-19|archive-date=2020-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821060149/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40122-015-0040-z|dead-url=no}}</ref>。本品常與多種[[止咳藥|感冒藥]]合併使用<ref name=AHFS2016/>。也可與[[鴉片類藥物]]合用以緩解重度疼痛、[[癌痛]],或術後疼痛<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|title=Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer|author=Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)|publisher=National Health Service (NHS)|location=Scotland|year=2008|isbn=9781905813384|chapter=6.1 and 7.1.1|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220061154/http://sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|archivedate=2010-12-20|access-date=2015-10-13}}</ref>。本品可經[[口服]]、肛門,或[[靜脈注射]]給藥<ref name=AHFS2016/><ref name=Hoch2014/>。效用可維持2至4小時<ref name=Hoch2014/>。 |
||
⚫ | '''對乙醯氨基酚'''({{lang-en|Acetaminophen}}、{{lang|en|Paracetamol}}、简称:{{lang|en|APAP}}),又称'''乙醯胺酚'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=止痛藥品(acetaminophen,乙醯胺酚成分)之用藥安全資訊說明 |url=https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2652-22349-1.html |access-date=2021-12-13 |date=2014-02-06 |last=食品藥物管理署 |work=衛生福利部}}</ref>、'''扑热息痛''',是一种用於治療[[疼痛]]與[[發燒]]的[[藥物]]<ref name=AHFS2016/><ref name=pmid28734939>{{Cite journal|title=Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity-Isn't it time for APAP to go away?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28734939|last=Lee|first=William M.|date= |
||
<!-- Side effects --> |
<!-- Side effects --> |
||
虽然按推荐剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚很安全<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Russell|first1=FM|last2=Shann|first2=F|last3=Curtis|first3=N|last4=Mulholland|first4=K|title=Evidence on the use of paracetamol in febrile children|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=2003|volume=81|issue=5|pages=367–72|pmid=12856055|pmc=2572451}}</ref>,但仍可能會出現嚴重紅疹等副作用。過高劑量可能導致[[肝衰竭]]<ref name=AHFS2016/>。[[妊娠]]及[[哺乳]]期間用藥顯示為安全<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Acetaminophen|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=16 September 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063136/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|archivedate=2016-06-05}}</ref>。有肝臟疾病的患者仍可使用本品,但服用劑量必須減少<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=JH|last2=Stine|first2=JG|title=Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide|journal=Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics|date=June 2013|volume=37|issue=12|pages=1132–56|pmid=23638982|doi=10.1111/apt.12324}}</ref>。本品屬於輕度[[止痛藥]]<ref name=Hoch2014>{{cite book|last1=Hochhauser|first1=Daniel|title=Cancer and its Management|date=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118468715|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXjDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225081530/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXjDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|archivedate=2020-12-25|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>,但並無明顯[[抗炎性|抗發炎]]活性, |
虽然按推荐剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚很安全<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Russell|first1=FM|last2=Shann|first2=F|last3=Curtis|first3=N|last4=Mulholland|first4=K|title=Evidence on the use of paracetamol in febrile children|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=2003|volume=81|issue=5|pages=367–72|pmid=12856055|pmc=2572451}}</ref>,但仍可能會出現嚴重紅疹等副作用。過高劑量可能導致[[肝衰竭]]<ref name=AHFS2016/>。[[妊娠]]及[[哺乳]]期間用藥顯示為安全<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Acetaminophen|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=16 September 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063136/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|archivedate=2016-06-05}}</ref>。有肝臟疾病的患者仍可使用本品,但服用劑量必須減少<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=JH|last2=Stine|first2=JG|title=Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide|journal=Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics|date=June 2013|volume=37|issue=12|pages=1132–56|pmid=23638982|doi=10.1111/apt.12324}}</ref>。本品屬於輕度[[止痛藥]]<ref name=Hoch2014>{{cite book|last1=Hochhauser|first1=Daniel|title=Cancer and its Management|date=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118468715|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXjDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225081530/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXjDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|archivedate=2020-12-25|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>,但並無明顯[[抗炎性|抗發炎]]活性,通常不被歸為[[非類固醇抗發炎藥|非類固醇消炎止痛藥]],它主要通過抑制分布在[[中樞神經系統]]的{{le|COX-2}},以減少[[前列腺素]]的生成,從而緩解疼痛。但由於COX-2在周邊組織中數量較少,因此作用微弱<ref name="Hinz_20083">{{cite journal |year=2008|title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man.|journal=The FASEB Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=383–390|doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com|pmid=17884974|vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K}}</ref>,且其作用機制迄今未明<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKay|first1=Gerard A.|last2=Walters|first2=Matthew R.|title=Lecture Notes Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118344897|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGOqcfN_Cc8C&pg=PT353|chapter=Non-Opioid Analgesics|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185108/https://books.google.com/books?id=OGOqcfN_Cc8C&pg=PT353|archivedate=2017-09-08|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>。 |
||
<!-- Society and culture --> |
<!-- Society and culture --> |
||
乙酰氨基酚最早於1877年發現<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mangus|first1=Brent C.|first2=Michael G.|last2=Miller|title=Pharmacology application in athletic training|date=2005|publisher=F.A. Davis|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=9780803620278|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tV72AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185108/https://books.google.com/books?id=tV72AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|archivedate=2017-09-08|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>,為美國及歐洲最常用的退燒及止痛藥物<ref>{{cite book|last=Aghababian|first=Richard V.|title=Essentials of emergency medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnbKaRQAXOIC&pg=PA814|date=22 October 2010|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-1846-9|page=814|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108172743/http://books.google.com/books?id=HnbKaRQAXOIC|archivedate=2015-01-08|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>。本品列名於[[世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单]]之中,為基礎公衛體系必備藥物之一<ref name=WHO19th>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=2016-12-13}}</ref>。本品屬於[[通用名药物]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, Massachusetts|isbn=9781449665869|page=12|edition=27th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwueJ4IAl4oC&pg=PA12|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225081555/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwueJ4IAl4oC&pg=PA12|archivedate=2020-12-25|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>,每劑在[[发展中国家]]的批發價低於0.01[[美元]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Paracetamol|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=592&searchYear=2014|accessdate=11 January 2016|archive-date=2018-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072745/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=592&searchYear=2014|dead-url=no}}</ref>,在美國同樣劑量則需0.04美金<ref>{{cite web|title=Acetaminophen prices, coupons and patient assistance programs|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/acetaminophen|accessdate=19 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216211627/http://www.drugs.com/price-guide/acetaminophen|archivedate=2016-02-16}}</ref>。 |
|||
常見商品名為'''必理-{}-痛'''([[香港]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk.com.hk/Chinese/ProductPopUp.aspx?ID=176&ProductType=consumer_prd|title=Product Details 必理痛™止痛系列|accessdate=2010-01-31|date=2007|publisher=葛蘭素史克有限公司|language=zh-hk|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073737/http://www.gsk.com.hk/Chinese/ProductPopUp.aspx?ID=176&ProductType=consumer_prd|dead-url=no}}</ref>、'''普拿-{}-疼'''([[台灣]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk.tw/products/brands/Ponadol-7.shtml|title=普拿疼膜衣錠 GSK葛蘭素史克普拿疼系列|accessdate=2010-01-31|date=2009|publisher=荷商葛蘭素史克藥廠台灣分公司|language=zh-tw|archive-date=2016-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720093625/http://www.gsk.tw/products/brands/ponadol-7.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>、'''必理-{}-通'''([[中國大陆]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk-china.com/chinese/html/ourproduct/popup/product9.html|title=必理通(对乙酰氨基酚片)|accessdate=2010-01-31|author=|date=2009|publisher=葛兰素史克(中国)投资有限公司|language=zh-cn|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503223957/http://www.gsk-china.com/chinese/html/ourproduct/popup/product9.html|archivedate=2010-05-03}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tskf.com.cn/506.htm|title=必理通 - 中美天津史克制药有限公司|accessdate=2010-01-31|author=|date=2009|publisher=中美天津史克制药有限公司|language=zh-cn|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206234746/http://www.tskf.com.cn/506.htm|archivedate=2010-02-06}}</ref>、'''斑纳-{}-杜'''([[新加坡|新]][[马来西亚|马]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panadol.com/sg/products.html|title=All products-Panadol Singapore|accessdate=2014-07-26|date=2014|publisher=GlaxoSmithKline|language=en|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403060625/http://www.panadol.com/sg/products.html|dead-url=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.panadol.com/sg/products.html|title=必理通 - 中美天津史克制药有限公司|accessdate=2010-01-31|date=2009|publisher=中美天津史克制药有限公司|language=zh-cn|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403060625/http://www.panadol.com/sg/products.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>、[[泰诺]]。 |
常見商品名為'''必理-{}-痛'''([[香港]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk.com.hk/Chinese/ProductPopUp.aspx?ID=176&ProductType=consumer_prd|title=Product Details 必理痛™止痛系列|accessdate=2010-01-31|date=2007|publisher=葛蘭素史克有限公司|language=zh-hk|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073737/http://www.gsk.com.hk/Chinese/ProductPopUp.aspx?ID=176&ProductType=consumer_prd|dead-url=no}}</ref>、'''普拿-{}-疼'''([[台灣]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk.tw/products/brands/Ponadol-7.shtml|title=普拿疼膜衣錠 GSK葛蘭素史克普拿疼系列|accessdate=2010-01-31|date=2009|publisher=荷商葛蘭素史克藥廠台灣分公司|language=zh-tw|archive-date=2016-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720093625/http://www.gsk.tw/products/brands/ponadol-7.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>、'''必理-{}-通'''([[中國大陆]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk-china.com/chinese/html/ourproduct/popup/product9.html|title=必理通(对乙酰氨基酚片)|accessdate=2010-01-31|author=|date=2009|publisher=葛兰素史克(中国)投资有限公司|language=zh-cn|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503223957/http://www.gsk-china.com/chinese/html/ourproduct/popup/product9.html|archivedate=2010-05-03}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tskf.com.cn/506.htm|title=必理通 - 中美天津史克制药有限公司|accessdate=2010-01-31|author=|date=2009|publisher=中美天津史克制药有限公司|language=zh-cn|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206234746/http://www.tskf.com.cn/506.htm|archivedate=2010-02-06}}</ref>、'''斑纳-{}-杜'''([[新加坡|新]][[马来西亚|马]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panadol.com/sg/products.html|title=All products-Panadol Singapore|accessdate=2014-07-26|date=2014|publisher=GlaxoSmithKline|language=en|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403060625/http://www.panadol.com/sg/products.html|dead-url=no}}{{cite web|url=http://www.panadol.com/sg/products.html|title=必理通 - 中美天津史克制药有限公司|accessdate=2010-01-31|date=2009|publisher=中美天津史克制药有限公司|language=zh-cn|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403060625/http://www.panadol.com/sg/products.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>、泰诺林<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jnj.com.cn/our-company/operating-companies-in-china/consumer/shanhai-johnson-pharmaceuticals |title=上海强生制药有限公司 |3= |4= |access-date=2022-12-24 |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224083552/https://www.jnj.com.cn/our-company/operating-companies-in-china/consumer/shanhai-johnson-pharmaceuticals |dead-url=no }}</ref>、[[泰诺]]。 |
||
==医疗用途== |
== 医疗用途 == |
||
⚫ | |||
=== |
===退烧=== |
||
对乙酰氨基酚用于全年龄人群的退烧。<ref name=AHFS>{{Cite web|title=Acetaminophen Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|accessdate=2020-10-24|work=Drugs.com|language=en|archive-date=2016-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063136/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>[[世界卫生组织]]推荐只有儿童发烧高于{{convert|38.5|°C|°F}}时才使用对乙酰氨基酚进行降温。<ref>{{Cite news|title=Baby paracetamol asthma concern|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7623230.stm|date=2008-09-19|accessdate=2020-10-24|language=en-GB|work=[[英國廣播公司新聞|BBC News]]|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309213133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7623230.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref>儿童使用对乙酰氨基酚退烧的效果受到质疑,有[[薈萃分析]]指出,对乙酰氨基酚对于儿童的作用弱于[[布洛芬]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Paracetamol for treating fever in children|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076499|last=Meremikwu|first=M.|last2=Oyo-Ita|first2=A.|date=2002|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003676|pages=CD003676|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6532671|pmid=12076499|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114194038/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076499/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children's pain or fever: a meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184213|last=Perrott|first=David A.|last2=Piira|first2=Tiina|date=2004-06|journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|issue=6|doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.6.521|volume=158|pages=521–526|issn=1072-4710|pmid=15184213|last3=Goodenough|first3=Belinda|last4=Champion|first4=G. David|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2021-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211045805/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184213/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
对乙酰氨基酚用于全年龄人群的退烧。<ref name="AHFS">{{Cite web|title=Acetaminophen Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|accessdate=2020-10-24|work=Drugs.com|language=en|archive-date=2016-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063136/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>[[世界卫生组织]]推荐只有儿童发烧高于{{convert|38.5|°C|°F}}时才使用对乙酰氨基酚进行降温。<ref>{{Cite news|title=Baby paracetamol asthma concern|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7623230.stm|date=2008-09-19|accessdate=2020-10-24|language=en-GB|work=[[英國廣播公司新聞|BBC News]]|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309213133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7623230.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref>儿童使用对乙酰氨基酚退烧的效果受到质疑,有[[薈萃分析]]指出,对乙酰氨基酚对于儿童的作用弱于[[布洛芬]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Paracetamol for treating fever in children|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076499|last=Meremikwu|first=M.|last2=Oyo-Ita|first2=A.|date=2002|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003676|pages=CD003676|issn=1469-493X|pmc=6532671|pmid=12076499|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2020-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114194038/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12076499/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children's pain or fever: a meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184213|last=Perrott|first=David A.|last2=Piira|first2=Tiina|date=2004-06|journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|issue=6|doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.6.521|volume=158|pages=521–526|issn=1072-4710|pmid=15184213|last3=Goodenough|first3=Belinda|last4=Champion|first4=G. David|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2021-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211045805/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15184213/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
||
=== |
===止痛=== |
||
对乙酰氨基酚可以用来缓解疼痛。 |
对乙酰氨基酚可以用来缓解疼痛。通常为了提高止痛效果一些药物会加入小剂量[[咖啡因]]成分。 |
||
==不良反应== |
==不良反应== |
||
===过量服用=== |
=== 过量服用 === |
||
{{Main|对乙酰氨基酚中毒}} |
|||
普遍认为正常剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚非常安全,无论对于幼儿还是成人。但是长期、过量服用对乙酰氨基酚可能造成不良后果。 |
普遍认为正常剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚非常安全,无论对于幼儿还是成人。但是长期、过量服用对乙酰氨基酚可能造成不良后果。服用超过7.5 g/日或150 mg/kg(体重) 可能导致[[肝病毒科|肝脏损害]]。患有肝脏疾病的患者服用对乙酰氨基酚应咨询医师。身体健康者服药期间也应避免饮酒。另有证据显示对乙酰氨基酚可能存在轻微的肾毒性,长期大剂量服用可能导致肾脏损害,故建议肾病患者服用含对乙酰氨基酚的药品应格外注意。 |
||
⚫ | |||
服用超过 7.5 g/日 或 150 mg/kg(体重) 可能导致[[肝病毒科|肝脏损害]]{{How}}。患有肝脏疾病的患者服用对乙酰氨基酚应咨询医师。身体健康者服药期间也应避免饮酒。 |
|||
⚫ | 许多非处方药中都含有对乙酰氨基酚成分,這情況在世界各地都很普遍,因為一般西醫診所的醫生都會為病人處方多種藥物,并且很难从药品名称中得知其含有对乙酰氨基酚。所以用量应计算所有服用的药品中的对乙酰氨基酚的用量,以免因為重覆服藥而出現藥物中毒。<ref>{{cite web|date=2019年|title=Acetaminophen / Paracetamol|url=https://shms-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/media/editor/147459/Acetaminophen-_ClinicalKey.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308221919/https://pdfhost.io/pdf/0ede2a65-72bd-4ed6-8c7d-34c3f09a1ceb/6802ea72-4116-4a1f-a22a-65d51f3a89e2.pdf|archive-date=2021-03-08|access-date=2021-03-08|publisher=ClinicalKey|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
||
⚫ | |||
有证据{{What}}显示对乙酰氨基酚可能存在轻微的肾毒性,长期大剂量服用可能导致肾脏损害,故建议肾病患者服用含对乙酰氨基酚的药品应格外注意。{{Citation needed}} |
|||
⚫ | [[Image:Anandamide skeletal.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|[[花生四烯酸乙醇胺]] - 内源性大麻素]][[Image:AM404 skel.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|[[AM404]] – 对乙酰氨基酚的代谢产物]]至今,对乙酰氨基酚的[[作用机制]]还未完全明瞭。主要的作用机制应该是对[[环氧化酶]]的抑制作用,近期的研究发现其对[[COX-2]]的选择性更强。<ref name="Hinz_2008">{{Cite journal|title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17884974|last=Hinz|first=Burkhard|last2=Cheremina|first2=Olga|date=2008-02|journal=FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology|issue=2|doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com|volume=22|pages=383–390|issn=1530-6860|pmid=17884974|last3=Brune|first3=Kay|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301144029/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17884974/|dead-url=no}}</ref>因为其对COX-2具有选择性,所以对乙酰氨基酚不会抑制[[血栓]]形成。<ref name="Hinz_2008" />对乙酰氨基酚有止痛和退烧作用,这与[[阿司匹林]]等其他[[NSAID]]无异,但是对乙酰氨基酚的外周抗炎作用受到多种因素的制约,其中之一便是[[炎性病变]]中的过氧化物。然而,在某些情况下,可以观察其外周抗炎活性几乎与NSAID相同。 |
||
⚫ | |||
[[Image:AM404 skel.svg|thumb|[[AM404]] – 对乙酰氨基酚的代谢产物]] |
|||
[[Image:Anandamide skeletal.svg|thumb|[[花生四烯酸乙醇胺]] - 内源性大麻素]] |
|||
⚫ | 至今,对乙酰氨基酚的[[作用机制]]还未完全明瞭。主要的作用机制应该是对[[环氧化酶]]的抑制作用,近期的研究发现其对[[COX-2]]的选择性更强。<ref name="Hinz_2008">{{Cite journal|title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17884974|last=Hinz|first=Burkhard|last2=Cheremina|first2=Olga|date=2008-02|journal=FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology|issue=2|doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com|volume=22|pages=383–390|issn=1530-6860|pmid=17884974|last3=Brune|first3=Kay|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301144029/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17884974/|dead-url=no}}</ref>因为其对COX-2具有选择性,所以对乙酰氨基酚不会抑制血栓形成。<ref name="Hinz_2008" />对乙酰氨基酚有止痛和退烧作用,这与[[阿司匹林]]等其他[[NSAID]]无异,但是对乙酰氨基酚的外周抗炎作用受到多种因素的制约,其中之一便是[[炎性病变]]中的过氧化物。然而,在某些情况下,可以观察其外周抗炎活性几乎与NSAID相同。 |
||
與非類固醇抗炎藥物相似,但是與[[鴉片]]類藥物不同,對乙醯氨基酚不會使人精神愉快或是改變心情。對乙醯氨基酚和NSAID類藥物不會有令人上癮和產生依賴性的危險。對乙醯氨基酚的分子無[[對掌性]],所以不會有[[旋光性]]。對乙醯氨基酚的兩個英文名字都來自於他的化學名稱“N-'''acetyl'''-para-'''aminophen'''ol”(N-[[乙醯]]-對-[[氨基]][[苯酚]])和“'''par'''a-'''acet'''yl-'''am'''ino-phen'''ol'''”(對乙醯氨基酚)。在某些文獻中,對乙醯氨基酚被簡記作“APAP”。 |
與非類固醇抗炎藥物相似,但是與[[鴉片]]類藥物不同,對乙醯氨基酚不會使人精神愉快或是改變心情。對乙醯氨基酚和NSAID類藥物不會有令人上癮和產生依賴性的危險。對乙醯氨基酚的分子無[[對掌性]],所以不會有[[旋光性]]。對乙醯氨基酚的兩個英文名字都來自於他的化學名稱“N-'''acetyl'''-para-'''aminophen'''ol”(N-[[乙醯]]-對-[[氨基]][[苯酚]])和“'''par'''a-'''acet'''yl-'''am'''ino-phen'''ol'''”(對乙醯氨基酚)。在某些文獻中,對乙醯氨基酚被簡記作“APAP”。 |
||
== 历史 == |
== 历史 == |
||
{{Refimprove|time=2018-10-16PST22:23}} |
|||
[[中世纪]]时期,仅有的退热药物是一种存在于[[柳树]][[柳树皮|树皮]]中的物质(一类叫作[[水楊酸]]的物质,后来导致了[[阿司匹林]]的发展)和一种存在于[[金鸡纳树]]树皮裡的物质。金鸡纳树皮也是用来制造抗[[疟疾]]药物[[奎宁]]的主要原料,奎宁本身也有退热的功效。直到19世纪中后期才发展出提炼分离[[水杨苷]]和水杨酸的技术。 |
[[中世纪]]时期,仅有的退热药物是一种存在于[[柳树]][[柳树皮|树皮]]中的物质(一类叫作[[水楊酸]]的物质,后来导致了[[阿司匹林]]的发展)和一种存在于[[金鸡纳树]]树皮裡的物质。金鸡纳树皮也是用来制造抗[[疟疾]]药物[[奎宁]]的主要原料,奎宁本身也有退热的功效。直到19世纪中后期才发展出提炼分离[[水杨苷]]和水杨酸的技术。 |
||
1880年代以来,随着金鸡纳树日益减少,人们开始寻找其替代品。1886年科学家发明了退热冰([[乙酰苯胺]]),1887年又发明了[[非那西丁]](乙酰对氨苯乙醚)。1873年 |
1880年代以来,随着金鸡纳树日益减少,人们开始寻找其替代品。1886年科学家发明了退热冰([[乙酰苯胺]]),1887年又发明了[[非那西丁]](乙酰对氨苯乙醚)。1873年,哈蒙·莫斯(Harmon Morse)首先通过[[对硝基苯酚]]和[[冰醋酸]]的在锡催化下反应合成了对乙酰氨基酚,但是在二十年之内对乙酰氨基酚并没有用于医学用途。1893年,在某些服用了非那西丁的患者的尿液里发现了对乙酰氨基酚的存在,并浓缩成白色、稍有苦味的晶体。1899年对乙酰氨基酚被发现是退热冰的代谢产物,但是这些发现在当时并没有被重视。 |
||
1946年 |
1946年[[美国止痛与镇静剂研究所]]拨款给[https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/about-doh.page 纽约市卫生局] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/about-doh.page |date=20240725202244 }}研究止痛剂的问题。[[伯纳德·布罗迪 (生物化学家)|伯纳德·布罗迪]]和[[朱利叶斯·阿克塞尔罗德]]被分配研究非[[乙酰水杨酸|阿司匹林]]类退热剂为何产生[[高铁血红蛋白症]](一种非致命的血液疾病)这一副作用。1948年伯纳德和愛梭羅德发现退热冰的作用归功于他的代谢产物对乙酰氨基酚,因此他们提倡使用对乙酰氨基酚替代退热冰,因为对乙酰氨基酚没有类似退热冰的毒副作用。 |
||
1955年, 強生公司 |
1955年, [[強生公司]]的对乙酰氨基酚藥片在美国境内上市销售,商品名为[[泰诺]]。 |
||
1956年,[[葛蘭素史克]] |
1956年,[[葛蘭素史克|葛兰素史克公司]]500毫克一片的对乙酰氨基酚藥片在英国境内上市销售,商品名必理通(英语:Panadol)。1963年,对乙酰氨基酚列入[[英国药典]],并因其较小的副作用和与其它药物的相互作用而流行开来。 |
||
==社会与文化== |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | 许多非处方药中都含有对乙酰氨基酚成分,這情況在世界各地都很普遍,因為一般西醫診所的醫生都會為病人處方多種藥物,并且很难从药品名称中得知其含有对乙酰氨基酚。所以用量应计算所有服用的药品中的对乙酰氨基酚的用量,以免因為重覆服藥而出現藥物中毒。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shms-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/media/editor/147459/Acetaminophen-_ClinicalKey.pdf |
||
==兽医用途== |
==兽医用途== |
||
===貓=== |
===貓=== |
||
对乙酰氨基酚對貓有劇毒性。因為貓缺乏分解对乙酰氨基酚所必要的[[UGA1]]酶。初期症狀包括嘔吐、流口水以及舌頭與口腔變色。 |
对乙酰氨基酚對貓有劇毒性。因為貓缺乏分解对乙酰氨基酚所必要的[[UGA1]]酶。初期症狀包括嘔吐、流口水、呼吸急促以及舌頭與口腔變色。 |
||
與人類的[[对乙酰氨基酚中毒]]機理不同,肝損傷並不是主要死因。而是因為[[高鐵血紅蛋白]]的形成和其紅血球內大量產生 |
與人類的[[对乙酰氨基酚中毒]]機理不同,肝損傷並不是主要死因。而是因為[[高鐵血紅蛋白]]的形成和其紅血球內大量產生[[海因茲小體]],阻礙了血的運氧功能,進而導致[[窒息]](或稱[[正鐵血紅蛋白血症]]或{{link-en|溶血性貧血|Hemolytic anemia}})。<ref name="CanVetJ2003-Allen">{{Cite journal|title=The diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicosis in a cat|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12839249|last=Allen|first=Andrew L.|date=2003-06|journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne|issue=6|volume=44|pages=509–510|issn=0008-5286|pmc=340185|pmid=12839249|access-date=2020-10-24|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227073531/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12839249/|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
||
給予[[乙醯半胱氨酸]]<ref name="doi10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00013.x">{{Cite journal|title=Management of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen Toxicoses in Dogs and Cats|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00013.x|last=Richardson|first=Jill A.|date=2000-12|journal=Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care|issue=4|doi=10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00013.x|volume=10|pages=285–291|language=en|issn=1479-3261}}</ref>、[[亞甲藍]]或兩者合併有時候可以對少量的对乙酰氨基酚誤食有效。 |
給予[[乙醯半胱氨酸]]<ref name="doi10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00013.x">{{Cite journal|title=Management of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen Toxicoses in Dogs and Cats|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00013.x|last=Richardson|first=Jill A.|date=2000-12|journal=Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care|issue=4|doi=10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00013.x|volume=10|pages=285–291|language=en|issn=1479-3261}}</ref>、[[亞甲藍]]或兩者合併有時候可以對少量的对乙酰氨基酚誤食有效。 |
||
第153行: | 第146行: | ||
*[[布洛芬]] |
*[[布洛芬]] |
||
*{{le|苯腎上腺素|Phenylephrine}}(血管收縮劑類/苯福林) |
*{{le|苯腎上腺素|Phenylephrine}}(血管收縮劑類/苯福林) |
||
*[[何濟公]] |
|||
==外部链接== |
==外部链接== |
||
第168行: | 第162行: | ||
{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
||
{{-}} |
{{-}} |
||
⚫ | |||
{{止痛药}} |
{{止痛药}} |
||
{{国家基本药物目录/镇痛、解热、抗炎、抗风湿、抗痛风药}} |
{{国家基本药物目录/镇痛、解热、抗炎、抗风湿、抗痛风药}} |
||
⚫ | |||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[Category: |
[[Category:苯酚]] |
||
[[Category:酚]] |
|||
[[Category:止痛药]] |
[[Category:止痛药]] |
||
[[Category:世界卫生组织基本药物]] |
[[Category:世界卫生组织基本药物]] |
2024年9月4日 (三) 14:27的版本
臨床資料 | |||
---|---|---|---|
读音 | Paracetamol: /ˌpærəˈsitəmɒl/ Acetaminophen: i/əˌsiːtəˈmɪnəfɪn/ | ||
商品名 | 泰诺,及其他[1][2] | ||
其他名稱 | N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP) | ||
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph | ||
MedlinePlus | a681004 | ||
核准狀況 |
| ||
懷孕分級 |
| ||
给药途径 | 口服给药、頰部給藥、直腸塞劑、靜脈注射 | ||
ATC碼 | |||
法律規範狀態 | |||
法律規範 | |||
藥物動力學數據 | |||
生物利用度 | 63–89%[3]:73 | ||
血漿蛋白結合率 | 10–25%[4] | ||
药物代谢 | 大部分經肝臟代謝[7] | ||
代謝產物 | APAP gluc、APAP sulfate、APAP GSH、APAP cys、NAPQI[5] | ||
藥效起始時間 | 視給藥途徑而定: 口服:37 分鐘[6] 頰部:15分鐘[6] 靜脈注射:8分鐘[6] | ||
生物半衰期 | 1–4 小時[7] | ||
排泄途徑 | 尿(85–90%)[7] | ||
识别信息 | |||
| |||
CAS号 | 103-90-2 | ||
PubChem CID | |||
IUPHAR/BPS | |||
DrugBank | |||
ChemSpider | |||
UNII | |||
KEGG | |||
ChEBI | |||
ChEMBL | |||
PDB配體ID | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |||
ECHA InfoCard | 100.002.870 | ||
化学信息 | |||
化学式 | C8H9NO2 | ||
摩尔质量 | 151.163 g/mol | ||
3D模型(JSmol) | |||
密度 | 1.263 g/cm3 | ||
熔点 | 169 °C(336 °F) [9][10] | ||
沸点 | 420 °C(788 °F) | ||
水溶性 | 7.21 g/kg (0 °C)[11] 8.21 g/kg (5 °C)[11] | ||
| |||
|
對乙醯氨基酚(英語:Acetaminophen、Paracetamol、简称:APAP),又称乙醯胺酚[12]、扑热息痛,是一种用於治療疼痛與發燒的藥物[8][13]。可用於緩解輕度至中度的疼痛[8],本品對於孩童的退燒效果仍未有決定性結論[14][15]。本品常與多種感冒藥合併使用[8]。也可與鴉片類藥物合用以緩解重度疼痛、癌痛,或術後疼痛[16]。本品可經口服、肛門,或靜脈注射給藥[8][17]。效用可維持2至4小時[17]。
虽然按推荐剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚很安全[18],但仍可能會出現嚴重紅疹等副作用。過高劑量可能導致肝衰竭[8]。妊娠及哺乳期間用藥顯示為安全[8]。有肝臟疾病的患者仍可使用本品,但服用劑量必須減少[19]。本品屬於輕度止痛藥[17],但並無明顯抗發炎活性,通常不被歸為非類固醇消炎止痛藥,它主要通過抑制分布在中樞神經系統的COX-2,以減少前列腺素的生成,從而緩解疼痛。但由於COX-2在周邊組織中數量較少,因此作用微弱[20],且其作用機制迄今未明[21]。
乙酰氨基酚最早於1877年發現[22],為美國及歐洲最常用的退燒及止痛藥物[23]。本品列名於世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中,為基礎公衛體系必備藥物之一[24]。本品屬於通用名药物[25],每劑在发展中国家的批發價低於0.01美元[26],在美國同樣劑量則需0.04美金[27]。
常見商品名為必理痛(香港)[28]、普拿疼(台灣)[29]、必理通(中國大陆)[30]、斑纳杜(新马)[31]、泰诺林[32]、泰诺。
医疗用途
退烧
对乙酰氨基酚用于全年龄人群的退烧。[33]世界卫生组织推荐只有儿童发烧高于38.5 °C(101.3 °F)时才使用对乙酰氨基酚进行降温。[34]儿童使用对乙酰氨基酚退烧的效果受到质疑,有薈萃分析指出,对乙酰氨基酚对于儿童的作用弱于布洛芬。[35][36]
止痛
对乙酰氨基酚可以用来缓解疼痛。通常为了提高止痛效果一些药物会加入小剂量咖啡因成分。
不良反应
过量服用
普遍认为正常剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚非常安全,无论对于幼儿还是成人。但是长期、过量服用对乙酰氨基酚可能造成不良后果。服用超过7.5 g/日或150 mg/kg(体重) 可能导致肝脏损害。患有肝脏疾病的患者服用对乙酰氨基酚应咨询医师。身体健康者服药期间也应避免饮酒。另有证据显示对乙酰氨基酚可能存在轻微的肾毒性,长期大剂量服用可能导致肾脏损害,故建议肾病患者服用含对乙酰氨基酚的药品应格外注意。
含对乙酰氨基酚的药品
许多非处方药中都含有对乙酰氨基酚成分,這情況在世界各地都很普遍,因為一般西醫診所的醫生都會為病人處方多種藥物,并且很难从药品名称中得知其含有对乙酰氨基酚。所以用量应计算所有服用的药品中的对乙酰氨基酚的用量,以免因為重覆服藥而出現藥物中毒。[37]
作用机制
至今,对乙酰氨基酚的作用机制还未完全明瞭。主要的作用机制应该是对环氧化酶的抑制作用,近期的研究发现其对COX-2的选择性更强。[38]因为其对COX-2具有选择性,所以对乙酰氨基酚不会抑制血栓形成。[38]对乙酰氨基酚有止痛和退烧作用,这与阿司匹林等其他NSAID无异,但是对乙酰氨基酚的外周抗炎作用受到多种因素的制约,其中之一便是炎性病变中的过氧化物。然而,在某些情况下,可以观察其外周抗炎活性几乎与NSAID相同。
與非類固醇抗炎藥物相似,但是與鴉片類藥物不同,對乙醯氨基酚不會使人精神愉快或是改變心情。對乙醯氨基酚和NSAID類藥物不會有令人上癮和產生依賴性的危險。對乙醯氨基酚的分子無對掌性,所以不會有旋光性。對乙醯氨基酚的兩個英文名字都來自於他的化學名稱“N-acetyl-para-aminophenol”(N-乙醯-對-氨基苯酚)和“para-acetyl-amino-phenol”(對乙醯氨基酚)。在某些文獻中,對乙醯氨基酚被簡記作“APAP”。
历史
中世纪时期,仅有的退热药物是一种存在于柳树树皮中的物质(一类叫作水楊酸的物质,后来导致了阿司匹林的发展)和一种存在于金鸡纳树树皮裡的物质。金鸡纳树皮也是用来制造抗疟疾药物奎宁的主要原料,奎宁本身也有退热的功效。直到19世纪中后期才发展出提炼分离水杨苷和水杨酸的技术。
1880年代以来,随着金鸡纳树日益减少,人们开始寻找其替代品。1886年科学家发明了退热冰(乙酰苯胺),1887年又发明了非那西丁(乙酰对氨苯乙醚)。1873年,哈蒙·莫斯(Harmon Morse)首先通过对硝基苯酚和冰醋酸的在锡催化下反应合成了对乙酰氨基酚,但是在二十年之内对乙酰氨基酚并没有用于医学用途。1893年,在某些服用了非那西丁的患者的尿液里发现了对乙酰氨基酚的存在,并浓缩成白色、稍有苦味的晶体。1899年对乙酰氨基酚被发现是退热冰的代谢产物,但是这些发现在当时并没有被重视。
1946年美国止痛与镇静剂研究所拨款给纽约市卫生局 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)研究止痛剂的问题。伯纳德·布罗迪和朱利叶斯·阿克塞尔罗德被分配研究非阿司匹林类退热剂为何产生高铁血红蛋白症(一种非致命的血液疾病)这一副作用。1948年伯纳德和愛梭羅德发现退热冰的作用归功于他的代谢产物对乙酰氨基酚,因此他们提倡使用对乙酰氨基酚替代退热冰,因为对乙酰氨基酚没有类似退热冰的毒副作用。
1955年, 強生公司的对乙酰氨基酚藥片在美国境内上市销售,商品名为泰诺。
1956年,葛兰素史克公司500毫克一片的对乙酰氨基酚藥片在英国境内上市销售,商品名必理通(英语:Panadol)。1963年,对乙酰氨基酚列入英国药典,并因其较小的副作用和与其它药物的相互作用而流行开来。
兽医用途
貓
对乙酰氨基酚對貓有劇毒性。因為貓缺乏分解对乙酰氨基酚所必要的UGA1酶。初期症狀包括嘔吐、流口水、呼吸急促以及舌頭與口腔變色。 與人類的对乙酰氨基酚中毒機理不同,肝損傷並不是主要死因。而是因為高鐵血紅蛋白的形成和其紅血球內大量產生海因茲小體,阻礙了血的運氧功能,進而導致窒息(或稱正鐵血紅蛋白血症或溶血性貧血)。[39]
給予乙醯半胱氨酸[40]、亞甲藍或兩者合併有時候可以對少量的对乙酰氨基酚誤食有效。
狗
雖然獸醫界普遍認為对乙酰氨基酚沒有明顯的消炎藥效,臨床顯示其對於舒緩狗的肌肉骨骼痛比阿斯匹靈有效。[41] 一種对乙酰氨基酚-可待因產品(商品名Pardale-V)[42]在市面上有販售,並允許在獸醫、藥劑師或其他通過認證的專家指示下作為獸用藥。[42]惟該種藥應該在獸醫指示和極端審慎下對狗施用。[42] 对乙酰氨基酚對狗的主要毒性是肝損傷,另外也有消化道潰瘍的案例。[40][43][44]在誤食对乙酰氨基酚的兩小時內給予乙醯半胱氨酸是很有效的解毒手法。[40][41]
蛇
对乙酰氨基酚對蛇是致命的,而且在關島是對棕樹蛇(Boiga irregularis)的一種化學控制手段。[45][46]具體施用方法為將80 mg的对乙酰氨基酚注入到死老鼠內作為毒餌,然後用直升機散佈。[47]
参考文献
- ^ International Listings for Paracetamol. [11 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-06).
- ^ Hamilton, Richard J. Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition 27th. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2013: 12 [2018-02-19]. ISBN 9781449665869. (原始内容存档于2020-12-25).
- ^ Working Group of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine. Macintyre, PE; Schug, SA; Scott, DA; Visser, EJ; Walker, SM , 编. Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence (PDF) 3rd. Melbourne, Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council. 2010 [2018-02-19]. ISBN 9780977517459. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-10-21).
- ^ Tylenol, Tylenol Infants' Drops (acetaminophen) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more. Medscape Reference. WebMD. [10 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-14).
- ^ Acetaminophen Pathway (therapeutic doses), Pharmacokinetics. [13 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Pickering, Gisèle; Macian, Nicolas; Libert, Frédéric; Cardot, J. Michel; Coissard, Séverine; Perovitch, Philippe; Maury, Marc; Dubray, Claude. Buccal acetaminophen provides fast analgesia: two randomized clinical trials in healthy volunteers. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2014, 8: 1621–1627 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 1177-8881. PMC 4189711 . PMID 25302017. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S63476. (原始内容存档于2020-12-21).
bAPAP has a faster time of antinociception onset (15 minutes, P<0.01) and greater antinociception at 50 minutes (P<0.01, CT1) and 30 minutes (P<0.01, CT2) than ivAPAP and sAPAP. All routes are similar after 50 minutes. ... In postoperative conditions for acute pain of mild to moderate intensity, the quickest reported time to onset of analgesia with APAP is 8 minutes9 for the iv route and 37 minutes6 for the oral route.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Codapane Forte Paracetamol and codeine phosphate PRODUCT INFORMATION (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Alphapharm Pty Limited. 29 April 2013 [10 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-06).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Acetaminophen. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [16 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-05).
- ^ Karthikeyan, M.; Glen, Robert C.; Bender, Andreas. General melting point prediction based on a diverse compound data set and artificial neural networks. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2005-05, 45 (3): 581–590 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 1549-9596. PMID 15921448. doi:10.1021/ci0500132. (原始内容存档于2020-12-25).
- ^ melting point data for paracetamol. Lxsrv7.oru.edu. [19 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-30).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Granberg, Roger A.; Rasmuson, Åke C. Solubility of Paracetamol in Pure Solvents. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 1999-11, 44 (6): 1391–1395 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 0021-9568. doi:10.1021/je990124v. (原始内容存档于2020-10-26) (英语).
- ^ 食品藥物管理署. 止痛藥品(acetaminophen,乙醯胺酚成分)之用藥安全資訊說明. 衛生福利部. 2014-02-06 [2021-12-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-17).
- ^ Lee, William M. Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity-Isn't it time for APAP to go away?. Journal of Hepatology. 2017-12, 67 (6): 1324–1331 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 1600-0641. PMC 5696016 . PMID 28734939. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.005. (原始内容存档于2020-10-29).
- ^ Meremikwu, Martin M; Oyo-Ita, Angela. Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group , 编. Paracetamol versus placebo or physical methods for treating fever in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002-04-22. PMC 6532671 . PMID 12076499. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003676 (英语).
- ^ De Martino, Maurizio; Chiarugi, Alberto. Recent Advances in Pediatric Use of Oral Paracetamol in Fever and Pain Management. Pain and Therapy. 2015, 4 (2): 149–168 [2018-02-19]. doi:10.1007/s40122-015-0040-z. (原始内容存档于2020-08-21).
- ^ Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). 6.1 and 7.1.1. Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer (PDF). Scotland: National Health Service (NHS). 2008 [2015-10-13]. ISBN 9781905813384. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-12-20).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Hochhauser, Daniel. Cancer and its Management. John Wiley & Sons. 2014: 119 [2018-02-19]. ISBN 9781118468715. (原始内容存档于2020-12-25).
- ^ Russell, FM; Shann, F; Curtis, N; Mulholland, K. Evidence on the use of paracetamol in febrile children. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003, 81 (5): 367–72. PMC 2572451 . PMID 12856055.
- ^ Lewis, JH; Stine, JG. Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. June 2013, 37 (12): 1132–56. PMID 23638982. doi:10.1111/apt.12324.
- ^ Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man.. The FASEB Journal. 2008, 22 (2): 383–390. PMID 17884974. doi:10.1096/fj.07-8506com.
- ^ McKay, Gerard A.; Walters, Matthew R. Non-Opioid Analgesics. Lecture Notes Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th. Hoboken: Wiley. 2013 [2018-02-19]. ISBN 9781118344897. (原始内容存档于2017-09-08).
- ^ Mangus, Brent C.; Miller, Michael G. Pharmacology application in athletic training. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis. 2005: 39 [2018-02-19]. ISBN 9780803620278. (原始内容存档于2017-09-08).
- ^ Aghababian, Richard V. Essentials of emergency medicine. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 22 October 2010: 814 [2018-02-19]. ISBN 978-1-4496-1846-9. (原始内容存档于2015-01-08).
- ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [8 December 2016]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13).
- ^ Hamilton, Richard J. Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition 27th. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2013: 12 [2018-02-19]. ISBN 9781449665869. (原始内容存档于2020-12-25).
- ^ Paracetamol. [11 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-22).
- ^ Acetaminophen prices, coupons and patient assistance programs. [19 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-16).
- ^ Product Details 必理痛™止痛系列. 葛蘭素史克有限公司. 2007 [2010-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04) (中文(香港)).
- ^ 普拿疼膜衣錠 GSK葛蘭素史克普拿疼系列. 荷商葛蘭素史克藥廠台灣分公司. 2009 [2010-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-20) (中文(臺灣)).
- ^ 必理通(对乙酰氨基酚片). 葛兰素史克(中国)投资有限公司. 2009 [2010-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-03) (中文(中国大陆)).必理通 - 中美天津史克制药有限公司. 中美天津史克制药有限公司. 2009 [2010-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2010-02-06) (中文(中国大陆)).
- ^ All products-Panadol Singapore. GlaxoSmithKline. 2014 [2014-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-03) (英语).必理通 - 中美天津史克制药有限公司. 中美天津史克制药有限公司. 2009 [2010-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-03) (中文(中国大陆)).
- ^ 上海强生制药有限公司. [2022-12-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-24).
- ^ Acetaminophen Monograph for Professionals. Drugs.com. [2020-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-05) (英语).
- ^ Baby paracetamol asthma concern. BBC News. 2008-09-19 [2020-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-09) (英国英语).
- ^ Meremikwu, M.; Oyo-Ita, A. Paracetamol for treating fever in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002, (2): CD003676 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6532671 . PMID 12076499. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003676. (原始内容存档于2020-11-14).
- ^ Perrott, David A.; Piira, Tiina; Goodenough, Belinda; Champion, G. David. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children's pain or fever: a meta-analysis. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2004-06, 158 (6): 521–526 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 1072-4710. PMID 15184213. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.6.521. (原始内容存档于2021-02-11).
- ^ Acetaminophen / Paracetamol (PDF). ClinicalKey. 2019年 [2021-03-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-08).
- ^ 38.0 38.1 Hinz, Burkhard; Cheremina, Olga; Brune, Kay. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man. FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2008-02, 22 (2): 383–390 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 1530-6860. PMID 17884974. doi:10.1096/fj.07-8506com. (原始内容存档于2021-03-01).
- ^ Allen, Andrew L. The diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicosis in a cat. The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne. 2003-06, 44 (6): 509–510 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 0008-5286. PMC 340185 . PMID 12839249. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
- ^ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Richardson, Jill A. Management of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen Toxicoses in Dogs and Cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 2000-12, 10 (4): 285–291. ISSN 1479-3261. doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00013.x (英语).
- ^ 41.0 41.1 Maddison, Jill E.; Stephen W. Page; David Church. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2002: 260–1. ISBN 978-0702025730.
- ^ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Pardale-V Oral Tablets. NOAH Compendium of Data Sheets for Animal Medicines. The National Office of Animal Health (NOAH). 11 November 2010 [20 January 2011]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-22).
- ^ Meadows, Irina; Gwaltney-Brant, Sharon. The 10 Most Common Toxicoses in Dogs. Veterinary Medicine. 2006: 142–8 [2019-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-10).
- ^ Dunayer, E. Ibuprofen toxicosis in dogs, cats, and ferrets. Veterinary Medicine. 2004: 580–6 [2019-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-10).
- ^ Johnston, J. J.; Savarie, P. J.; Primus, T. M.; Eisemann, J. D.; Hurley, J. C.; Kohler, D. J. Risk assessment of an acetaminophen baiting program for chemical control of brown tree snakes on Guam: evaluation of baits, snake residues, and potential primary and secondary hazards. Environmental Science & Technology. 2002-09-01, 36 (17): 3827–3833 [2020-10-24]. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 12322757. doi:10.1021/es015873n. (原始内容存档于2020-11-26).
- ^ Brad Lendon. Tylenol-loaded mice dropped from air to control snakes. CNN. 2010-09-07 [2010-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2010-09-09).
- ^ Sabrina Richards. It's Raining Mice. The Scientist. 2012-05-01 [2019-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-15).
参见
外部链接
- 普拿疼資料中心(英文)
- 普拿疼历史(英文)
- 美国专利第 6,126,967号(英文)
- 普拿疼介紹(英文)
- 普拿疼历史和化学分析 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- Julius Axelrod的论文 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- 普拿疼商标(英文)
- 普拿疼介紹 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(繁體中文)
- 必理痛介紹 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(繁體中文)
- 普拿疼-值得信賴的品牌 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(繁體中文)