企

See also: 쇼

企 U+4F01, 企 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F01 ← 伀 [U+4F00] CJK Unified Ideographs 伂 → [U+4F02]

㈽ U+323D, ㈽ PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH ENTERPRISE ← ㈼ [U+323C] Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈾ → [U+323E]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

企 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 人卜中一 (OYLM), four-corner 8010₁, composition ⿱𠆢止)

Derived characters

• 𬽾, 㖉, 𰌃, 𢬖, 𱀏, 𱣕, 𦕫, 𨀣, 𬾍, 𬷏, 峜, 𦮳, 𬆍, 𰂝, 𰸍, 𫿸, 𠐰, 𨕲

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 95, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 422
• Dae Jaweon: page 201, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 116, character 6
• Unihan data for U+4F01

Chinese

simp. and trad.		企

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 企
Shang		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script j18796 j18797 j18798 j18799 j18800 j18801 Small seal script s05659 s05660 Transcribed ancient scripts L20156 L20157 L20158 L20159
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

人 (“person”) + 止 (“foot”) – a person standing on tiptoes.

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qǐ, qì

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ, ㄑㄧˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kei⁵

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): kei¹

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khî
• Eastern Min (BUC): kié
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khì / khí / thì

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gi⁶

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵chi

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cǐ
    • Wade–Giles: chʻi³
    • Yale: chǐ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chii
    • Palladius: ци (ci)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qì
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cì
    • Wade–Giles: chʻi⁴
    • Yale: chì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chih
    • Palladius: ци (ci)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kei⁵
    • Yale: kéih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kei⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: kéi⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰei̯¹³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: kei¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰei³³/

Note: kei1 - literary and "to stand".

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khî
    • Hakka Romanization System: ki^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ki¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kié
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiɛ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khì
    • Tâi-lô: khì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qix
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰi¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kʰi²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí
    • Tâi-lô: khí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qie
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thì
    • Tâi-lô: thì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tix
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰi²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gi⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kĭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵chi
    • MiniDict: chi^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²qi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: khjeX, khjieH

Rime
Character	企	企
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	支 (13)	支 (11)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	丘弭切	去智切
Baxter	khjeX	khjieH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠiᴇX/	/kʰiᴇH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰᵚiɛX/	/kʰiɛH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiɛX/	/kʰjɛH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰjiə̆X/	/kʰiə̆H/
Li Rong	/kʰjeX/	/kʰieH/
Wang Li	/kʰǐeX/	/kʰǐeH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰie̯X/	/kʰie̯H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qǐ	qì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei2	hei3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰeʔ/, /*kʰeʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰeʔ/, /*kʰes/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	企	企
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qǐ	qǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ khjieX ›	‹ khjieH ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰeʔ/	/*kʰeʔ-s/
English	stand on tiptoe	stand on tiptoe
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	企	企
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	10098	10099
Phonetic component	企	企
Rime group	支	支
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	跬	企
Old Chinese	/*kʰeʔ/	/*kʰes/

Definitions

企

1. ^†(alternative form 跂) to stand on one's tiptoes

   • 企者不立，跨者不行。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: Tao Te Ching, 4^th century BCE

     Qǐ zhě bù lì, kuà zhě bù xíng. [Pinyin]

     One who tiptoes does not stand [firmly]; one who strides does not walk [far].

2. (Cantonese, Hakka) to stand
3. ^⁜ to expect anxiously

   企望  ―  qǐwàng  ―  to hope for

4. ^⁜ to plan

   企劃／企划  ―  qǐhuà  ―  to plan; plan

5. (chiefly in compounds) Short for 企業／企业 (qǐyè, “enterprise”).

   國企／国企  ―  guóqǐ  ―  state-owned enterprise

   私企  ―  sīqǐ  ―  private enterprise

   政企關係／政企关系  ―  zhèng-qǐ guānxì  ―  relationship between the government and the enterprises

6. a surname
7. (Shanghainese) straight; steep

   搿個山坡老企個，直接看得到地垟搭，當心覅摜下去。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
   搿个山坡老企个，直接看得到地垟搭，当心覅掼下去。 [Shanghainese, simp.]

   ⁸geq-gheq ¹se-phu ⁶lau ⁵chi ⁰gheq ⁸zeq-ciq ⁵khoe-teq-tau ⁶di-yan-taq ¹taon-shin ⁶viau ⁶gue-gho-chi [Wugniu]

   This slope is very steep, you can see the ground from here, be careful not to fall.

Synonyms

• (to stand):

Dialectal synonyms of 站 (“to stand”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		立
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		站立
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	站
	Taiwan	站
	Harbin	站, 杵
	Malaysia	站
	Singapore	站
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	站
	Jinan	站
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	立
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	立
	Xi'an	站, 立
	Xining	站
	Yanqi	站
	Xuzhou	站
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	站
	Lanzhou	站
	Ürümqi	站, 立
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	站, 立
	Wuhan	站
	Guilin	站
	Liuzhou	站
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	站
	Yangzhou	站
	Hefei	站
Mandarin	Nanping (Yanping)	立
Cantonese	Guangzhou	徛
	Hong Kong	徛
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	徛
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	徛
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	徛
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	徛
	Macau	徛
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	徛
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	徛
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	徛
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	徛
	Foshan	徛
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	徛
	Foshan (Shunde)	徛
	Foshan (Sanshui)	徛
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	徛
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	徛
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	徛
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	徛
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	徛
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	徛
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	徛
	Taishan	徛
	Kaiping (Chikan)	徛
	Enping (Niujiang)	徛
	Heshan (Yayao)	徛
	Dongguan	徛
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	徛
	Qingyuan	徛
	Fogang	徛
	Yingde (Hanguang)	徛
	Yangshan	徛
	Lianshan (Butian)	徛
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	徛
	Shaoguan	徛
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	徛
	Renhua	徛
	Lechang	徛
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	徛
	Sihui	徛
	Guangning	徛
	Deqing	徛
	Huaiji	徛
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	徛
	Yunfu	徛
	Xinxing	徛
	Luoding	徛
	Yangjiang	徛
	Xinyi	徛
	Maoming (Xinpo)	徛
	Lianjiang	徛
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	徛
	Nanning	徛
	Yulin	徛
	Beihai	徛
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	徛
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	徛
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	徛
	Danzhou	徛
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	徛
	Singapore (Guangfu)	徛
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	徛
	Móng Cái	徛
Gan	Nanchang	徛, 站
	Lichuan	徛
	Pingxiang	徛, 站
Hakka	Meixian	徛
	Xingning	徛
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	徛
	Huidong (Daling)	徛
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	徛
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	徛
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	徛
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	徛
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	徛
	Zijin	徛
	Wengyuan	徛
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	徛
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	徛
	Liannan	徛
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	徛
	Jiexi	徛
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	徛
	Changting	徛
	Wuping	徛
	Wuping (Yanqian)	徛
	Wuping (Pingyu)	徛
	Liancheng	徛
	Ninghua	徛
	Yudu	徛
	Ruijin	徛
	Shicheng	徛
	Shangyou (Shexi)	徛
	Tonggu (Sandu)	徛
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	徛
	Dayu	徛
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	徛
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	徛
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	徛
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	徛
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	徛
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	徛
	Hong Kong	徛
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	徛
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	徛
	Xinyi (Sihe)	徛
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	徛
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	徛
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	徛
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	徛
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	徛
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	徛
	Mengshan (Xihe)	徛
	Luchuan	徛
	Senai (Huiyang)	徛
Jin	Taiyuan	站
	Xinzhou	站
Northern Min	Jian'ou	徛
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	徛
	Fuzhou (Changle)	徛
	Fuqing	徛
	Yongtai	徛
	Gutian	徛
	Fu'an	徛
	Ningde	徛
	Shouning	徛
	Zhouning	徛
	Fuding	徛
Southern Min	Xiamen	徛
	Quanzhou	徛
	Yongchun	徛
	Dehua	徛
	Zhangzhou	徛
	Taipei	徛
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	徛
	Kaohsiung	徛
	Yilan	徛
	Changhua (Lukang)	徛
	Taichung	徛
	Tainan	徛
	Hsinchu	徛
	Kinmen	徛
	Penghu (Magong)	徛
	Penang (Hokkien)	徛
	Singapore (Hokkien)	徛
	Manila (Hokkien)	徛
	Guilin (Biyange)	站
	Chaozhou	徛
	Shantou	徛
	Shantou (Chenghai)	徛
	Jieyang	徛
	Haifeng	徛
	Bangkok (Teochew)	徛
	Phnom Penh (Teochew)	徛
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	徛
	Singapore (Teochew)	徛
	Pontianak (Teochew)	徛
	Leizhou	徛
	Wenchang	徛
	Haikou	徛
	Singapore (Hainanese)	徛
Puxian Min	Putian	徛
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	徛
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	徛
Wu	Shanghai	立
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	立
	Shanghai (Jiading)	立
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	立
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	立
	Shanghai (Chongming)	徛
	Suzhou	立
	Suzhou (Wujiang)	立
	Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang)	立
	Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)	立
	Wuxi	立
	Changshu	立
	Kunshan	立
	Taicang	立
	Jiaxing	立
	Jiashan	立
	Pinghu	立
	Haining (Yanguan)	立
	Haining (Xiashi)	立
	Tongxiang	立
	Haiyan	立
	Changzhou	徛
	Liyang	徛
	Changzhou (Jintan)	徛
	Yixing	徛
	Danyang	站, 立
	Huzhou	立
	Changxing	徛
	Anji	徛
	Deqing	立
	Hangzhou	立
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	徛
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	徛
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	徛
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	徛
	Tonglu	徛
	Tonglu (Wusheng)	徛
	Shaoxing	徛, 立
	Zhuji	徛
	Shengzhou	徛
	Xinchang	徛
	Ningbo	立
	Ningbo (Zhenhai)	隑
	Ningbo (Fenghua)	立
	Yuyao	隑
	Cixi	隑
	Xiangshan	徛
	Ninghai	徛
	Zhoushan	立
	Taizhou (Huangyan)	徛
	Tiantai	徛
	Xianju	徛
	Linhai	徛
	Wenling	徛
	Wenzhou	徛
	Yueqing	徛
	Yongjia (Fenglin)	徛
	Rui'an	徛
	Wencheng	徛
	Lishui	徛
	Qingtian	徛
	Jinyun	徛
	Wuyi (Liucheng)	徛
	Yunhe	徛
Jingning	徛
Longquan	徛
Quzhou	徛
Suichang	徛
Jiangshan	徛
Changshan	徛
Kaihua	徛
Longyou	徛
Jinhua	徛
Jinhua (Tangxi)	徛
Yiwu	徛
Yongkang	徛
Pujiang	徛
Dongyang	徛
Pan'an	徛
Wuyi	徛
Lanxi	徛
Shangrao	徛
Shangrao (Guangfeng)	徛
Yushan	徛
Pucheng	徛
Xiang	Changsha	站, 徛
	Loudi	徛
	Shuangfeng	徛
Note	徛 - often written as 企 in Cantonese.

Dialectal synonyms of 陡 (“steep”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		陡峭
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	陡
	Taiwan	陡
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	陡
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	陡
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	陡
	Wuhan	陡
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	陡
	Hefei	陡
Cantonese	Guangzhou	笡, 徛
	Hong Kong	笡
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	笡
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	笡
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	笡
	Yangjiang	笡
Gan	Nanchang	陡
Hakka	Meixian	崎2
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	崎2
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	崎2, 笡
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	崎2
	Wuhua (Changbu)	崎2
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	崎2
	Wengyuan	崎2
	Jiexi	崎2, 竳
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	竳
	Changting	陡, 崎2
	Wuping (Yanqian)	崎2
	Ninghua	崎2
	Tonggu (Sandu)	陡
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	崎2
	Dayu	崎2, 陡
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	崎2
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	崎2
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	崎2
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	崎2
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	崎2
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	崎2
	Hong Kong	崎2
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	笡
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	笡
	Xinyi (Sihe)	笡
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	笡
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	笡
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	斜
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	崎2
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	崎2
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	壁
	Mengshan (Xihe)	陡
	Luchuan	斜
Jin	Taiyuan	陡
Northern Min	Jian'ou	崎3, 趖
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	崎3
	Fuzhou (Changle)	崎3
	Fuqing	崎3
	Yongtai	崎3
	Gutian	崎3
	Fu'an	崎3
	Ningde	崎3
	Shouning	崎3
	Zhouning	崎3
	Fuding	崎3
Southern Min	Xiamen	崎3, 趨
	Quanzhou	崎3
	Zhangzhou	崎3, 趨
	Taipei	崎3, 趨
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	崎3, 趨
	Kaohsiung	崎3, 趨
	Yilan	崎3, 趨
	Changhua (Lukang)	崎3, 趨
	Taichung	崎3
	Tainan	崎3, 趨
	Hsinchu	崎3
	Kinmen	崎3
	Penghu (Magong)	崎3
	Chaozhou	崎3
	Jieyang	崎3
Wu	Shanghai	企
	Suzhou	棧
	Wenzhou	峻
Xiang	Changsha	陡
	Shuangfeng	陡

Compounds

• 不可企及 (bùkě qǐjí)
• 企佇
• 企劃／企划 (qǐhuà)
• 企及 (qǐjí)
• 企圖／企图 (qǐtú)
• 企慕 (qǐmù)
• 企望 (qǐwàng)
• 企業／企业 (qǐyè)
• 企求 (qǐqiú)
• 企盼 (qǐpàn)
• 企禱／企祷
• 企缸
• 企羨／企羡
• 企足矯首／企足矫首
• 企足而待
• 企踵
• 企鵝／企鹅 (qǐ'é)
• 國企／国企 (guóqǐ)
• 外企 (wàiqǐ)
• 屋企
• 希企
• 延企
• 延頸企踵／延颈企踵
• 引領企踵／引领企踵
• 慚鳧企鶴／惭凫企鹤
• 早知拉尿，企到天光
• 欣企
• 私企 (sīqǐ)
• 翹企／翘企
• 翹首企足／翘首企足
• 鶴企／鹤企

 

Etymology 2

See 屋企.

Pronunciation

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kei²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): kei²

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• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kei²
    • Yale: kéi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kei²
    • Guangdong Romanization: kéi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰei̯³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: kei²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰei⁵⁵/

Definitions

企 (Cantonese)

1. Used in 屋企 (“home”).

   到企 [Taishanese]  ―  au¹ kei² [Wiktionary]  ―  at home

   冇企 [Taishanese]  ―  mau¹ kei² [Wiktionary]  ―  not at home

Compounds

• 返企

 

References

• “企”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

企

(Jōyō kanji)

1. plan, undertake, design

Readings

• Go-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
• Kun: くわだてる (kuwadateru, 企てる, Jōyō)^{←くはだてる (kufadateru, 企てる, historical)}、たくらむ (takuramu, 企む)

Compounds

• 企(き)画(かく) (kikaku)
• 企(き)業(ぎょう) (kigyō)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 企 (MC khjeX|khjieH).

Hanja

Wikisource

企 (eumhun 꾀할 기 (kkoehal gi))

1. hanja form^? of 기 (“plan”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 기도 (企圖, gido)
• 기업 (企業, gieop)
• 기획 (企劃, gihoek)
• 대기업 (大企業, daegieop)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

企: Hán Nôm readings: xí

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.