Appendix:Nepali Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Nepali, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
edit- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
edit| № | English | Nepali नेपाली (nepālī) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | म (ma) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तँ (tã), तिमी (timī), तपाईं (tapāīṃ) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ऊ (ū), उनी (unī), उहाँ (uhā̃) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | हामी (hāmī), हामीहरू (hāmīharū) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | तिमीहरू (timīharū), तपाईंहरू (tapāīṃharū), हजुरहरू (hajurharū) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | यिनीहरु (yinīharu), तिनीहरु (tinīharu), उनीहरू (unīharū), यहाँहरू (yahā̃harū), वहाँहरू (wahā̃harū) |
| 7 | this | यो (yo) |
| 8 | that | त्यो (tyo) |
| 9 | here | यहाँ (yahā̃) |
| 10 | there | त्यहाँ (tyahā̃) |
| 11 | who | को (ko) |
| 12 | what | के (ke) |
| 13 | where | कहाँ (kahā̃) |
| 14 | when | कहिले (kahile) |
| 15 | how | कसरी (kasarī), कस्तो (kasto) |
| 16 | not | होइन (hoina), नाइँ (nāĩ), न (na) |
| 17 | all | सबै (sabai), जम्मै (jammai), पुरै (purai) |
| 18 | many | धेरै (dherai), अनेक (anek), एकदमै (ekdamai) |
| 19 | some | केही (kehī), कोही (kohī) |
| 20 | few | थोरै (thorai), अलिकति (alikati) |
| 21 | other | अर्को (arko), अरू (arū) |
| 22 | one | एक (ek) |
| 23 | two | दुई (duī) |
| 24 | three | तीन (tīn) |
| 25 | four | चार (cār) |
| 26 | five | पाँच (pā̃c) |
| 27 | big | ठूलो (ṭhūlo) |
| 28 | long | लामो (lāmo) |
| 29 | wide | चौडा (cauḍā), चाक्लो (cāklo) |
| 30 | thick | मोटो (moṭo), बाक्लो (bāklo) |
| 31 | heavy | गह्रुँगो (gahruṇgo), गह्रौं (gahra͠u) |
| 32 | small | सानो (sāno) |
| 33 | short | छोटो (choṭo), पुड्को (puḍko), होचो (hoco) |
| 34 | narrow | साँघुरो (sā̃ghuro) |
| 35 | thin | पातलो (pātlo), मसिनो (masino), दुब्लो (dublo) |
| 36 | woman | आइमाई (āimāī), महिला (mahilā), स्त्री (strī) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | पुरुष (puruṣ) |
| 38 | man (human being) | मान्छे (mānche), मानिस (mānis) |
| 39 | child | बच्चा (baccā), बालक (bālak) |
| 40 | wife | स्वास्नी (svāsnī), स्त्री (strī), पत्नी (patnī), बुढी (buḍhī) |
| 41 | husband | लोग्ने (logne), पोइ (poi), पति (pati), बुढो (buḍho) |
| 42 | mother | आमा (āmā) |
| 43 | father | बाबा (bābā), बाबु (bābu), बुबा (bubā) |
| 44 | animal | जन्तु (jantu), जनावर (janāwar), पशु (paśu) |
| 45 | fish | माछा (māchā) |
| 46 | bird | चरा (carā), पन्छी (panchī), पक्षी (pakṣī) |
| 47 | dog | कुकुर (kukur) |
| 48 | louse | जुम्रा (jumrā) |
| 49 | snake | सर्प (sarpa), साँप (sā̃p) |
| 50 | worm | कीरा (kīrā) |
| 51 | tree | रूख (rūkh) |
| 52 | forest | वन (van), जङ्गल (jaṅgal) |
| 53 | stick | लट्ठी (laṭṭhī), छडी (chaḍī), लाठी (lāṭhī) |
| 54 | fruit | फल (phal), फलफूल (phalaphūl) |
| 55 | seed | बीउ (bīu), बिजन (bijan) |
| 56 | leaf | पात (pāt) |
| 57 | root | जरा (jarā) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | (रूखको) बोक्रा ((rūkhko) bokrā) |
| 59 | flower | फूल (phūl) |
| 60 | grass | घाँस (ghā̃s) |
| 61 | rope | डोरी (ḍorī), रसी (rasī) |
| 62 | skin | छाला (chālā) |
| 63 | meat | मासु (māsu) |
| 64 | blood | रगत (ragat) |
| 65 | bone | हाड (hāḍ), हड्डी (haḍḍī) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | चिल्लो (cillo), बोसो (boso) |
| 67 | egg | फुल (phul), अण्डा (aṇḍā) |
| 68 | horn | सिङ (siṅ), खाग (khāg) |
| 69 | tail | पुच्छर (pucchar), पुछार (puchār) |
| 70 | feather | प्वाँख (pwā̃kh) |
| 71 | hair | कपाल (kapāl), केश (keś) |
| 72 | head | टाउको (ṭāuko), शिर (śir) |
| 73 | ear | कान (kān) |
| 74 | eye | आँखा (ā̃khā) |
| 75 | nose | नाक (nāk) |
| 76 | mouth | मुख (mukh) |
| 77 | tooth | दाँत (dā̃t) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जिब्रो (jibro) |
| 79 | fingernail | नङ (naṅ) |
| 80 | foot | पाउ (pāu), खुट्टा (khuṭṭā) |
| 81 | leg | गोडा (goḍā), खुट्टा (khuṭṭā) |
| 82 | knee | घुँडा (ghũḍā) |
| 83 | hand | हात (hāt) |
| 84 | wing | पखेटा (pakheṭā) |
| 85 | belly | पेट (peṭ), भुँडी (bhũḍī) |
| 86 | guts | आन्द्रा (ānadrā) |
| 87 | neck | गर्दन (gardan), घिच्रो (ghicro) |
| 88 | back | आङ (āṅ) |
| 89 | breast | छाती (chātī), दूध (dūdh), स्तन (stan) |
| 90 | heart | मुटु (muṭu), दिल (dil), मन (man), हृदय (hr̥daya) |
| 91 | liver | कलेजो (kalejo) |
| 92 | to drink | पिउनु (piunu) |
| 93 | to eat | खानु (khānu) |
| 94 | to bite | टोक्नु (ṭoknu) |
| 95 | to suck | चुस्नु (cusnu) |
| 96 | to spit | थुक्नु (thuknu) |
| 97 | to vomit | वान्ता गर्नु (vāntā garnu), वाक्नु (wāknu) |
| 98 | to blow | फुक्नु (phuknu), बजाउनु (bajāunu) |
| 99 | to breathe | सास फेर्नु (sās phernu), सास लिनु (sās linu) |
| 100 | to laugh | हाँस्नु (hā̃snu) |
| 101 | to see | हेर्नु (hernu), देख्नु (dekhnu) |
| 102 | to hear | सुन्नु (sunnu) |
| 103 | to know | चिन्नु (cinnu), जान्नु (jānnu) |
| 104 | to think | सोच्नु (socnu), विचार गर्नु (vicār garnu) |
| 105 | to smell | सुँघ्नु (sũghnu) |
| 106 | to fear | डराउनु (ḍarāunu) |
| 107 | to sleep | सुत्नु (sutnu) |
| 108 | to live | बाँच्नु (bā̃cnu), जिउनु (jiunu) |
| 109 | to die | मर्नु (marnu) |
| 110 | to kill | मार्नु (mārnu) |
| 111 | to fight | लड्नु (laḍnu) |
| 112 | to hunt | सिकार गर्नु (sikār garnu) |
| 113 | to hit | हान्नु (hānnu) |
| 114 | to cut | काट्नु (kāṭnu) |
| 115 | to split | बाँड्नु (bā̃ḍnu), छुट्टाउनु (chuṭṭāunu) |
| 116 | to stab | घोप्नु (ghopnu) |
| 117 | to scratch | कोतर्नु (kotarnu) |
| 118 | to dig | खन्नु (khannu) |
| 119 | to swim | पौडिनु (pauḍinu) |
| 120 | to fly | उड्नु (uḍnu) |
| 121 | to walk | हिँड्नु (hĩḍnu) |
| 122 | to come | आउनु (āunu) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | तेर्सिनु (tersinu), पल्टिनु (palṭinu) |
| 124 | to sit | बस्नु (basnu) |
| 125 | to stand | उठ्नु (uṭhnu), उभिनु (ubhinu) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | मोड्नु (moḍnu) |
| 127 | to fall | खस्नु (khasnu) |
| 128 | to give | दिनु (dinu) |
| 129 | to hold | लिनु (linu), समात्नु (samātnu) |
| 130 | to squeeze | निचोर्नु (nicornu), दबाउनु (dabāunu) |
| 131 | to rub | घोट्नु (ghoṭnu) |
| 132 | to wash | धुनु (dhunu) |
| 133 | to wipe | पुछ्नु (puchnu) |
| 134 | to pull | तान्नु (tānnu) |
| 135 | to push | धकेल्नु (dhakelnu) |
| 136 | to throw | फाल्नु (phālnu) |
| 137 | to tie | बाँध्नु (bā̃dhnu), बान्नु (bānnu) |
| 138 | to sew | सिउनु (siunu), सिलाउनु (silāunu) |
| 139 | to count | गन्नु (gannu) |
| 140 | to say | भन्नु (bhannu), बोल्नु (bolnu) |
| 141 | to sing | गाउनु (gāunu) |
| 142 | to play | खेल्नु (khelnu) |
| 143 | to float | तैरिनु (tairinu) |
| 144 | to flow | बग्नु (bagnu) |
| 145 | to freeze | जम्नु (jamnu) |
| 146 | to swell | सुन्निनु (sunninu) |
| 147 | sun | घाम (ghām), सूर्य (sūrya) |
| 148 | moon | जुन (jun), चन्द्रमा (candramā) |
| 149 | star | तारा (tārā) |
| 150 | water | पानी (pānī) |
| 151 | rain | वर्षा (varṣā), पानी पर्नु (pānī parnu), झरी (jharī) |
| 152 | river | नदी (nadī) |
| 153 | lake | ताल (tāl) |
| 154 | sea | समुन्द्र (samundra) |
| 155 | salt | नुन (nun) |
| 156 | stone | ढुङ्गा (ḍhuṅgā), पत्थर (patthar) |
| 157 | sand | बालुवा (bāluwā) |
| 158 | dust | धुलो (dhulo) |
| 159 | earth | धर्ती (dhartī), पृथ्वी (pr̥thvī) |
| 160 | cloud | बादल (bādal) |
| 161 | fog | कुइरो (kuiro) |
| 162 | sky | आकाश (ākāś) |
| 163 | wind | हावा (hāwā) |
| 164 | snow | हिउँ (hiũ) |
| 165 | ice | बरफ (baraph) |
| 166 | smoke | धुवाँ (dhuwā̃) |
| 167 | fire | आगो (āgo) |
| 168 | ash | खरानी (kharānī) |
| 169 | to burn | जल्नु (jalnu) |
| 170 | road | बाटो (bāṭo), सडक (saḍak) |
| 171 | mountain | पहाड (pahāḍ) |
| 172 | red | रातो (rāto) |
| 173 | green | हरियो (hariyo) |
| 174 | yellow | पहेँलो (pahẽlo) |
| 175 | white | सेतो (seto) |
| 176 | black | कालो (kālo) |
| 177 | night | रात (rāt), राति (rāti) |
| 178 | day | दिन (dina) |
| 179 | year | वर्ष (varṣa) |
| 180 | warm | न्यानो (nyāno), गरम (garam) |
| 181 | cold | ठंडा (ṭhaṇḍā), चिसो (ciso) |
| 182 | full | भरी (bharī), पुरै (purai) |
| 183 | new | नयाँ (nayā̃) |
| 184 | old | पुरानो (purāno) |
| 185 | good | राम्रो (rāmro) |
| 186 | bad | नराम्रो (narāmro) |
| 187 | rotten | कुइएको (kuieko) |
| 188 | dirty | मैलो (mailo) |
| 189 | straight | सीधा (sīdhā) |
| 190 | round | गोलो (golo) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | तिखो (tikho) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | बोधो (bodho) |
| 193 | smooth | सम्म (samma), सलल (salala) |
| 194 | wet | गीलो (gīlo), भिजेको (bhijeko) |
| 195 | dry | सुक्खा (sukkhā) |
| 196 | correct | सही (sahī), ठीक (ṭhīk) |
| 197 | near | नजिक (najik) |
| 198 | far | टाढा (ṭāḍhā) |
| 199 | right | दाहिने (dāhine), दायाँ (dāyā̃) |
| 200 | left | बाहिने (bāhine), बायाँ (bāyā̃) |
| 201 | at | मा (mā) |
| 202 | in | मा (mā), भित्र (bhitra) |
| 203 | with | सँग (saṅga) |
| 204 | and | र (ra) |
| 205 | if | यदि (yadi) |
| 206 | because | किनभने (kinabhane), किनकि (kinaki) |
| 207 | name | नाम (nām), नाउँ (nāũ) |