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Electoral system of Turkey

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The electoral system of Turkey varies for general, presidential and local elections that take place in Turkey every five years. Turkey has been a multi-party democracy since 1950 (officially since 1945), with the first democratic election held on 14 May 1950 leading to the end of the single-party rule established in 1923. The current electoral system for electing Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly has a 7% election threshold.

A brief summary of the electoral systems used for each type of election is as follows:

  • General elections: The D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system, to elect 600 Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly from 87 electoral districts that elect different numbers of MPs depending on their populations.
  • Local elections: Metropolitan and District Mayors, Municipal and Provincial Councillors, neighbourhood presidents and their village councils elected through a First-past-the-post system, with the winning candidate in each municipality elected by a plurality.
  • Presidential elections: A Two-round system, with the top two candidates contesting a run-off election two weeks after the initial election should no candidate win at least 50%+1 of the popular vote.

General elections

[edit]
The Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey (Yüksek Seçim Kurulu) oversees the distribution of parliamentary seats per electoral district

Turkey elects 600 Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly using the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system. In order to return MPs to parliament, a party needs to gain more than 7% of the vote nationwide by itself or by being a member of an electoral alliance whose aggregate votes passes the said threshold. This means that parties may win the most votes in certain areas but not win any MPs due to a low result overall. The parliamentary threshold, which stayed as high as 10% between 1982 and 2022, has been subject to intense scrutiny by opposition members, since all votes cast for parties polling under 10% are spoilt and allow the parties overcoming the national threshold to win more seats than correspond to their share of votes. E.g. in the 2002 general election the AK Party won 34.28% of the vote but won nearly two-thirds of the seats.

The parliamentary threshold does not apply to independents, meaning that Kurdish nationalist politicians who poll strongly in the south-east but are not able to win 10% of the overall vote stand as independents rather than as a party candidate. This was the case in the 2007 and 2011 general election, where the Kurdish Democratic Society Party and the Peace and Democracy Party fielded independent candidates respectively.

Ahead of the 2018 general election, Electoral System was altered to accommodate for election alliances, allowing parties to enter elections as coalitions of multiple parties, where as long as the aggregate votes of the alliance passes the electoral threshold the threshold is ignored for the parties within the coalition, effectively opening a way for parties to bypass the electoral threshold. Effects of the change was first observed in the same elections, where Good Party, despite its 9.96% votes laying below the then 10% threshold, was able to enter the parliament due to being part of the larger Nation Alliance, whose total vote was 33.95%.

While initially the D'Hondt method was applied proportionally to all alliance members, a bill overseeing alterations to the election law passed on 31 March 2022 changed the system so that each party that passes the new 7% threshold either by itself or by being a member of an electoral alliance are directly represented by its own votes in each constituency when the calculations of D'Hondt are being made, disallowing smaller members of an electoral alliance from gaining MPs in the strongholds of their larger allies' strongholds due to their overall percentage contribution to the alliance.[1]

Proposals for reform

[edit]

The main criticism of the current system has long been the unusually high 10% threshold necessary to gain seats. In January 2015, the CHP renewed their parliamentary proposals to lower the threshold to 3% and proposed no changes to the proportional representation system, though the AK Party has been against lowering the threshold without wider electoral reform.[2][3]

In July 2013, the AK Party prepared new proposals, named the 'narrow district system' (daraltılmış bölge sistemi), to change the proportional representation system into either a first-past-the-post system or create smaller constituencies which elect a fewer number of MPs.[4] Under these proposals, the threshold would fall from 10% to either 7 or 8% while Turkey would be split into 129 electoral districts rather than the existing 85.[5][6] Istanbul itself would have been split into 17 or 20 districts.[5] The system will benefit the largest party as well as parties that are the strongest in certain regions, meaning that the AK Party and Kurdish nationalist Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) would make the biggest gains. The two main opposition parties CHP and MHP do not have a substantial number of electoral strongholds, meaning that they would be negatively impacted by a narrow-district system.[4] Proposals by the AK Party to create a full first-past-the-post system with 550 single-member constituencies were allegedly unveiled in December 2014, though any change in electoral law would have to be passed by parliament at least a year before the election.[7] The AKP's proposals for reform have raised concerns about gerrymandering.[5]

Criticisms regarding the high threshold were largely relieved upon the electoral alliance system was adopted, allowing smaller parties to pass the threshold as a member of a larger alliance. Nevertheless, the current 7% threshold is still considerably high, blocking the path of small parties such as Patriotic Party that cannot make their way into a larger alliance. Moreover, the need for a threshold remains to be questionable ever since the presidential elections were split from parliamentary elections since 2018.

Electoral districts

[edit]

Turkey is split into 87 electoral districts, which elect a certain number of Members to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The Grand National Assembly has a total of 600 seats (increased from 550 seats after 2017 constitutional reforms) a, which each electoral district allocated a certain number of MPs in proportion to their population. The Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey conducts population reviews of each district before the election and can increase or decrease a district's number of seats according to their electorate.

Chronological table

[edit]
Number of parliamentary constituencies by province and year
Election
year 		20th century 21st century
'20 '23 '27 '31 '35 '39 '43 '46 '50 '54 '57 '61 '65 '69 '73 '77 '83 '87 '91 '95 '99 '02 '07 '11 '15 '15 '18 '23
# Total 436 333 335 348 444 470 492 503 477 537 602 450 450 450 450 450 400 450 450 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 600 600
Province
1 Adana 7 3 4 4 8 11 10 10 11 13 16 12 13 13 13 14 12 14 14 17 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15
2 Adıyaman 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
3 Afyonkarahisar 8 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 7 7 7 7 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 6 6
4 Ağrı 5 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
68 Aksaray[n 1] 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4
5 Amasya 7 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6 Ankara 9 7 8 11 15 16 15 18 18 21 22 21 21 24 26 29 23 26 23 28 28 29 29 31 32 32 36 36
7 Antalya 6 4 5 5 8 8 8 7 7 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 10 12 13 13 14 14 14 16 17
75 Ardahan[n 2] 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 Artvin 1 2 2 10 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 Aydın 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 8 5 8 10 8 8 7 7 7 6 7 6 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 8 8
10 Balikesir 6 8 10 10 12 12 13 14 12 14 15 11 11 10 9 9 7 8 7 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 9
74 Bartın 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
72 Batman 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5
− Batum[n 3] 5
69 Bayburt 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1
− Biga[n 4] 3 3
11 Bilecik 5 5 4 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
12 Bingöl[n 5] 6 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
13 Bitlis 7 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
14 Bolu 8 5 6 6 10 8 8 8 7 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
15 Burdur 7 2 2 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
16 Bursa 7 6 9 9 12 12 12 13 11 13 14 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 12 14 16 16 16 18 18 18 20 20
17 Çanakkale 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
18 Çankırı 7 4 4 4 8 6 6 5 5 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
− Çatalca[n 6] 1
19 Çorum 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 8 8 9 10 7 7 7 7 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
20 Denizli 6 5 6 6 8 9 10 8 7 9 9 7 7 7 6 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 7
21 Diyarbakır 7 7 6 4 8 8 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 11 10 10 11 11 11 12 12
81 Düzce 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
22 Edirne 5 3 4 4 4 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4
23 Elazığ 7 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5
− Ergani[n 7] 11 3
24 Erzincan 5 3 3 3 4 7 5 7 5 5 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
25 Erzurum 10 7 7 7 12 9 6 11 10 12 13 9 9 9 9 8 7 7 7 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6
26 Eskişehir 7 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6
26 Gaziantep 6 5 6 5 10 7 8 7 7 8 10 7 7 7 8 8 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 12 14 14
− Gelibolu[n 8] 1 1
28 Giresun 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
29 Gümüşhane 6 4 5 3 5 5 5 6 7 6 6 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
30 Hakkâri[n 9] 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
31 Hatay 5 5 6 6 8 9 7 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11
76 Iğdır 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
32 Isparta 6 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
− İçel[n 10] 6 2 2 2
34 Istanbul 12 23 17 18 20 19 28 30 25 29 39 31 31 33 38 44 36 45 50 61 69 70 70 85 88 88 98 98
35 Izmir 8 11 12 12 14 15 17 15 16 20 22 17 17 18 18 19 16 19 19 24 24 24 24 26 26 26 28 28
46 Kahramanmaraş 8 5 5 4 6 5 5 6 7 7 9 6 6 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
78 Karabük 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3
70 Karaman 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3
36 Kars 3 2 6 5 8 10 8 10 10 10 12 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
37 Kastamonu 8 8 6 8 9 11 9 11 10 10 10 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
38 Kayseri 7 5 6 5 10 8 10 9 9 9 11 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 7 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10
71 Kırıkkale 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
39 Kırklareli 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
40 Kırşehir[n 11] 7 5 3 3 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
79 Kilis 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
41 Kocaeli 6 6 7 7 10 10 13 10 11 12 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 7 7 9 10 9 9 11 11 11 13 14
42 Konya 10 10 13 14 15 15 15 16 17 19 21 16 16 16 16 16 13 14 13 16 16 16 16 14 14 14 15 15
− Kozan[n 12] 5 2
43 Kütahya 6 8 7 12 11 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 5 5
− Lazistan[n 13] 6
44 Malatya 11 5 6 6 9 10 11 12 11 12 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6
45 Manisa 9 10 10 11 12 13 12 12 12 12 14 11 11 11 10 10 8 9 9 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 10 10
47 Mardin 6 6 5 3 7 8 7 10 7 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
33 Mersin 7 2 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 8 9 7 7 7 7 8 7 9 9 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 13 13
48 Muğla 11 3 4 4 6 6 6 5 5 6 7 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
49 Muş[n 14] 7 3 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3
50 Nevşehir 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
51 Niğde 6 4 4 4 7 7 8 7 8 8 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
− Oltu[n 15] 2
52 Ordu 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 8 9 10 8 8 8 8 7 6 7 6 8 7 7 7 6 5 5 6 6
80 Osmaniye[n 16] 3 2 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
53 Rize [n 17] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
54 Sakarya 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8
55 Samsun 6 3 6 7 9 9 11 10 10 12 14 11 11 11 10 10 8 9 9 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
56 Siirt 6 2 2 2 6 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
57 Sinop 6 4 3 4 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
58 Sivas 8 7 7 7 11 11 15 12 13 14 15 11 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5
− Siverek[n 18] 6 4
63 Şanlıurfa 5 6 5 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 6 7 7 5 7 8 9 11 11 11 12 12 12 14 14
− Şebinkarahisar[n 19] 5 4 3 3
73 Şırnak 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
59 Tekirdağ 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8
60 Tokat 7 4 5 6 8 9 8 10 9 9 10 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 5
61 Trabzon 11 7 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 12 12 9 9 9 8 8 6 7 6 8 7 8 8 6 6 6 6 6
62 Tunceli[n 20] 6 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
64 Uşak 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
65 Van 7 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8
77 Yalova 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
66 Yozgat 7 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 7 8 9 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4
67 Zonguldak 4 7 6 10 10 11 9 10 10 12 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
# Total 436 333 335 348 444 470 492 503 477 537 602 450 450 450 450 450 400 450 450 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 600 600

In all but four cases, electoral districts share the same name and borders of the 81 Provinces of Turkey. The exceptions are İzmir, Istanbul, Bursa and Ankara. Provinces electing between 19 and 36 MPs are split into two electoral districts, while any province electing above 36 MPs are divided into three. As the country's four largest provinces, İzmir and Bursa are divided into two subdistricts while Ankara and Istanbul is divided into three. The distribution of elected MPs per electoral district is shown below.[8]

District MPs
Adana 15
Adıyaman 5
Afyonkarahisar 6
Ağrı 4
Aksaray 4
Amasya 3
Ankara 36
Ankara (I) 13
Ankara (II) 11
Ankara (III) 12
Antalya 17
Ardahan 2
Artvin 2
Aydın 8
 
District MPs
Balıkesir 9
Bartın 2
Batman 5
Bayburt 1
Bilecik 2
Bingöl 3
Bitlis 3
Bolu 3
Burdur 3
Bursa 20
Bursa (I) 10
Bursa (II) 10
Çanakkale 4
Çankırı 2
 
District MPs
Çorum 4
Denizli 7
Diyarbakır 12
Düzce 3
Edirne 4
Elazığ 5
Erzincan 2
Erzurum 6
Eskişehir 6
Gaziantep 14
Giresun 4
Gümüşhane 2
Hakkâri 3
Hatay 11
 
District MPs
Iğdır 2
Isparta 4
Istanbul 98
Istanbul (I) 35
Istanbul (II) 27
Istanbul (III) 36
İzmir 28
İzmir (I) 14
İzmir (II) 14
Kahramanmaraş 8
Kars 3
Kastamonu 3
Karabük 3
 
District MPs
Karaman 3
Kayseri 10
Kilis 2
Kırklareli 3
Kırıkkale 3
Kırşehir 2
Kocaeli 14
Konya 15
Kütahya 5
Malatya 6
Manisa 10
Mardin 6
Mersin 13
 
District MPs
Muğla 7
Muş 3
Nevşehir 3
Niğde 3
Ordu 6
Osmaniye 4
Rize 3
Sakarya 8
Samsun 9
Siirt 3
Sinop 2
Sivas 5
Şanlıurfa 14
 
District MPs
Şırnak 4
Tekirdağ 8
Tokat 5
Trabzon 6
Tunceli 1
Uşak 3
Van 8
Yalova 3
Yozgat 4
Zonguldak 5
Total 600

Changes in 2023

[edit]
The number of MPs elected per electoral district for the 2023 general election

The number of MPs of those ten electoral districts has been changed by the electoral council as listed below.

District 2018 2023 change
Antalya 16 17 Increase1
Denizli 8 7 Decrease1
Eskişehir 7 6 Decrease1
Istanbul 98 98 Steady
Istanbul (II) 28 27 Decrease1
Istanbul (III) 35 36 Increase1
 
District 2018 2023 change
Kocaeli 13 14 Increase1
Muş 4 3 Decrease1
Sakarya 7 8 Increase1
Tekirdağ 7 8 Increase1
Tunceli 2 1 Decrease1

Changes in 2018

[edit]

In 2018, total MPs are increased from 550 to 600. Due to this increase, several districts had more MPs. Ankara and Bursa divided into one more electoral district due to this increase. However, Bayburt is represented with one less MP in 2018, making it the only district with a single MP.

Changes since 2011

[edit]

A total of eight electoral districts had their number of MPs adjusted since the 2011 general election by the electoral council, as listed below. The two electoral districts of Ankara also had their boundaries changed.[9]

The number of MPs elected per electoral district for the 2015 general election
District 2011 2015 change
Ankara 31 32 Increase1
Ankara (I) 16 18 Increase2
Ankara (II) 15 14 Decrease1
Bayburt 1 2 Increase1
Elazığ 5 4 Decrease1
Istanbul 85 88 Increase3
Istanbul (I) 30 31 Increase1
 
District 2011 2015 change
Istanbul (II) 27 26 Decrease1
Istanbul (III) 28 31 Increase3
Kütahya 5 4 Decrease1
Manisa 10 9 Decrease1
Muş 4 3 Decrease1
Ordu 6 5 Decrease1

Votes required per MP by province

[edit]
Votes required for each MP in different provinces of Turkey

The number of voters in each province was announced on 17 May 2015.[10] In total, there are 53,741,838 voters in the provinces, which corresponds to 97,712 voters for each MP. However, because of the electoral system, this was not distributed equally to the provinces. In İzmir, where voters per MP was the highest, 118,669 votes corresponded to an MP, whereas in Bayburt, 27,089 voters were represented by an MP.

Two factors caused this more than fourfold disparity.[11] Namely, the electoral law favours provinces smaller in size, which caused İzmir, Istanbul and Ankara, Turkey's largest cities and provinces, to have the least representation per voter. Secondly, the distribution of MPs to provinces was based not on the number of eligible voters, but on total population, which made each vote more valuable in provinces with a young population. For example, the HDP stronghold Hakkari with 154,705 voters got 3 MPs, whereas Yalova with 166,060 voters got 2 MPs. Similarly, Van, another HDP stronghold with 596,809 voter got 8 MPs, whereas Muğla, a CHP stronghold with 665,608 voters got 6 MPs. In Şanlıurfa where AKP and HDP are strong, there were 12 MPs per 974,219 voters, whereas in Manisa, where CHP and MHP perform better than average, votes of 1,006,697 voters determined only 9 MPs. Yusuf Halaçoğlu's bill which would partly mitigate this disparity was rejected in the parliament.[12]

Parliamentary arithmetic

[edit]

In order to pursue constitutional changes, a party needs either a three-fifths majority or a two-thirds majority, which give the government different powers. These are documented in the table below (valid by 2018 elections).

  • 301 seats – Resist a vetoed law
  • 360 seats – Put proposed constitutional changes to a referendum (three-fifths majority)
  • 400 seats – Change the constitution without needing a referendum (two-thirds majority)

Local elections

[edit]

2013 local government reform

[edit]

Before the elections, the numbers of councillors and mayors were reduced during the 2013 Turkish local government reorganisation. During the reorganisation, 1,040 beldes were abolished, leaving the number of small town municipalities at 394 and contributing to the reduction in the number of mayors elected in 2014 in comparison to 2009.[13][14]

The following table shows the numbers of metropolitan and district municipalities, as well as provincial and municipal councillors elected in 2009 and in 2014. In local elections, municipal mayors and councillors are the only partisan officials elected.[15][16][17][18]

Office Elected in 2009 Elected in 2014 Change
Metropolitan municipalities 16[15] 30[19] Increase14
District municipalities 2,903[16] 1,351[20] Decrease1,552
Provincial councillors 3,281[17] 1,251[21] Decrease2,030
Municipal councillors 32,392[18] 20,500[22] Decrease11,892
Total 38,592 23,132 Decrease15,460

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Aksaray was a province between 1924-1933 and was a district of Niğde from 1933 to 1989.
  2. ^ Ardahan was a province until 1926 and was a district of Kars from 1926 to 1992.
  3. ^ It was left to Georgia with the Treaty of Moscow in 1921.
  4. ^ In 1923, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
  5. ^ Genç until 1926, district of Elazig province between 1927-1929 and district of Muş province between 1929-1936.
  6. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Istanbul province.
  7. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Diyarbakır province.
  8. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
  9. ^ District of Van province between 1933-1936.
  10. ^ It merged with Mersin Province in 1933.
  11. ^ District of Nevşehir Province between 1954-1957.
  12. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Adana province.
  13. ^ In 1923, the province of Rize was established in place of the Lazistan Sanjak
  14. ^ District of Bitlis province between 1925-1929.
  15. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Erzurum province.
  16. ^ Cebel-i Bereket Province until 1933, district of Adana Province between 1933-1996.
  17. ^ Between 1933 and 1936, it merged with Çoruh Province, with the center being Rize.
  18. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Şanlıurfa province.
  19. ^ It became a district of Giresun province in 1933
  20. ^ District of Elazığ between 1926-1936.
  1. ^ "Turkey lowers national threshold to 7% with new election law". Daily Sabah. March 31, 2022.
  2. ^ "Erdoğan: Barajı biz mi getirdik – Gerçek Gündem". Arsiv.gercekgundem.com. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  3. ^ "CHP, 'seçim barajı yüzde 3 olsun' teklifini yineledi | Gerçek İstanbul / İstanbul Haberleri". Gercekistanbul.com. 1983-10-06. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  4. ^ a b "Dar bölge seçim sistemi AK Parti ve BDP'ye yarıyor-Ankara Haberleri". Zaman.com.tr. 2015-05-13. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  5. ^ a b c "Dar bölge büyük partinin yararına – Hürriyet GÜNDEM". Hurriyet.com.tr. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  6. ^ "AKP'nin seçim tuzağı hazır: Yüzde 7–8 baraj, daraltılmış seçim bölgesi | soL Haber Portalı | güne soL'dan bakın" (in Turkish). Haber.sol.org.tr. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  7. ^ "550 seçim bölgeli 'dar bölge sistemi' – Gündem Haberleri". Sabah.com.tr. 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  8. ^ "Yüksek Seçim Kurulu Kararları" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. No. 31800. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  9. ^ "Yuksek Secim Kurulu Baskanligi" (PDF). Ysk.gov.tr. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  10. ^ "25. Dönem Milletvekili Genel Seçimi İl/İlçe/Mahalle/Köy Seçmen ve Sandık Sayıları" (PDF) (in Turkish). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  11. ^ "Bir milletvekili için kaç oy gerekiyor?" (in Turkish). Akşam. 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  12. ^ "'Milletvekili sayısında adaletsizlik var'" (in Turkish). Doğan News Agency. 14 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  13. ^ "KAPANACAK KÖY ve BELDELER LİSTESİ (BÜYÜKŞEHİRLER), YAYED - Yerel Yönetim Araştırma Yardım ve Eğitim Derneği". www.yayed.org.
  14. ^ "ORDU SELE TESLİM". Ordu Gazete, Ordu Haber, Ordu Haberleri, Haber Ordu, Ordu.
  15. ^ a b "Official 2009 metropolitan municipal results" (PDF). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  16. ^ a b "Official 2009 district municipal results" (PDF). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  17. ^ a b "Official 2009 provincial councillor results" (PDF). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Official 2009 municipal councillor results" (PDF). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  19. ^ "Official 2014 metropolitan municipal results" (PDF). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  20. ^ "Official 2014 district municipal results" (PDF). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  21. ^ "Official 2014 provincial councillor results" (PDF). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  22. ^ "Official 2014 municipal councillor results" (PDF). Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
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