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偽

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 伪 and 僞
偽 U+507D, 偽
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-507D
← 偼
[U+507C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 偾 →
[U+507E]

Translingual

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Traditional 偽
Simplified 伪
Japanese 偽
Korean 僞

Han character

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偽 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人戈大火 (OIKF), four-corner 22227, composition ⿰亻為)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 112, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 927
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 195, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+507D

Chinese

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trad. 偽/僞
simp. 伪

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 偽
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song) Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts
s05848
Transcribed ancient scripts
L21811
L21812
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (爲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
譌 *ŋʷaːl
嬀 *kʷral
潙 *kʷral, *ɢʷal
蟡 *kʷralʔ, *qʷral
僞 *ŋʷrals
噅 *qʰʷral
撝 *qʰʷral
爲 *ɢʷal, *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals
鄬 *ɢʷal, *ɢʷalʔ
蔿 *ɢʷalʔ
儰 *ɢʷalʔ
寪 *ɢʷalʔ
蘤 *ɢʷalʔ

Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.

Etymology

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Often thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Alternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).

Jacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gūi - literary;
  • ûi/ūi - colloquial variant.
Rime
Character 偽
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 支 (14)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 危睡切
Baxter ngjweH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋˠiuᴇH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋʷᵚiɛH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋiuɛH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋjwiə̆H/
Li
Rong 		/ŋjueH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋǐweH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋwie̯H/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wèi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngai6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 偽 偽
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wěi wěi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngjweH › ‹ ngjweH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/ /*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/
English false falsify; deceive

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 偽
Reading # 1/1
No. 12867
Phonetic
component 		爲
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		僞
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋʷrals/

Definitions

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偽

  1. false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial
    虛偽／虚伪  ―  xūwěi  ―  hypocritical; hypocrisy
    偽造／伪造  ―  wěizào  ―  to forge; to counterfeit
    偽鈔／伪钞  ―  wěichāo  ―  counterfeit banknote
    偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱  ―  wěimáhuángjiǎn  ―  pseudoephedrine
  2. falsehood; untruthfulness
  3. illegal; illegitimate
    偽政權／伪政权  ―  wěizhèngquán  ―  puppet government
    偽滿洲國／伪满洲国  ―  Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó  ―  Manchukuo
    偽北京大學／伪北京大学  ―  Wěi Běijīng Dàxué  ―  the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

偽

Kyūjitai

僞

Kanji

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偽

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 僞)

  1. falsehood, lie
  2. fake, forgery

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
偽
ぎ
Grade: S
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

/ŋui/ → /ɡwi/ → /ɡi/

From Middle Chinese 僞 (MC ngjweH).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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偽(ぎ) • (gi) 

  1. a falsehood, lie
    Synonym: 偽り (itsuwari)
  2. (logic) a false statement (usually based without facts)
    Antonyms: 真 (shin), 真理 (shinri)
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
偽
にせ
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 似(に)せる (niseru, “copy, imitate, forge”).[2]

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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偽(にせ) or 偽(ニセ) • (nise) 

  1. a counterfeit, forgery
  2. an imitation, replica
  3. prefixed to nouns:
    1. counterfeit, forged
      偽(にせ)札(さつ)
      nisesatsu
      counterfeit paper money
    2. fake, false
      偽(にせ)学(がく)生(せい)
      nise-gakusei
      student with a false identity
Usage notes
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  • This is an example of a word that can be spelled with katakana to convey an informal conversational tone, as ニセ.
Derived terms
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Derived terms

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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偽 (eum 위 (wi))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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偽: Hán Nôm readings: ngụy/nguỵ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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