凝

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凝 U+51DD, 凝
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51DD
← 凜
[U+51DC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凞 →
[U+51DE]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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凝 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 133, character 45
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+51DD

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 凝
simp. # 凝
2nd round simp. 泞
alternative forms 冰
𣲝
𡷪
𠘥
瓊／琼 Cantonese "to coagulate"

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
礙 *ŋɯːs
儗 *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝 *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺 *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡 *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑 *ŋɯ
嶷 *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺 *ŋɯ
擬 *ŋɯʔ
薿 *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝 *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ)

Etymology 1

[edit]

Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to 凌 (OC *[r]əŋ ~ p.rəŋ, “ice”) and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT); other comparanda are 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", and 霙 (OC *ʔraŋ) "sleet, snowflake".

Pronunciation

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Note: king4 - vernacular ("to coagulate").
Note: ken3 - vernacular ("to coagulate").
Note: kên4 - "ice".
Note:
  • ngìng - literary;
  • ngĭk - vernacular.
Note:
  • gêng - literary;
  • kiân - vernacular ("to coagulate");
  • giân - vernacular ("not moving").
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ngêng5 / nging5 / geng5 / gêng5 / ngang5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngîng / kṳ̂ng / kêng / ngâng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /keŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • ngêng5/nging5 - literary (nging5 - Chaoyang);
  • geng5/gêng5 - vernacular ("to coagulate") (geng5 - Chaozhou, Shantou; gêng5 - Jieyang);
  • ngang5 - vernacular ("cold").
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 凝
Mandarin Beijing /niŋ³⁵/
Harbin /niŋ²⁴/ ～固
/niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了
Tianjin /niŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ȵiŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /niŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /niŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /niŋ²⁴/
Xining /ȵiə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /niŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ȵĩn⁵³/
/lĩn⁵³/
Ürümqi /ȵiŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /nin²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵin³¹/
Guiyang /nin²¹/
Kunming /nĩ³¹/
Nanjing /lin²⁴/
Hefei /lin⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /niəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵiŋ¹³/
Hohhot /nĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ȵin¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵin²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /niʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /ȵin¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵin¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /kʰen¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jeŋ²¹/
Nanning /neŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /jiŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /giŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋiŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋi²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ŋeŋ³¹/
/xeŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 凝 凝
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 蒸 (133) 蒸 (133)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 魚陵切 牛𩜁切
Baxter nging ngingH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋieŋ/ /ŋieŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋiŋ/ /ŋiŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiəŋ/ /ŋiəŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭəŋ/ /ŋĭəŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋi̯əŋ/ /ŋi̯əŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yíng yìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jing4 jing6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 凝
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		níng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nging ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
English freeze, coagulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凝 凝
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 14902 14903
Phonetic
component 		疑 疑
Rime
group 		蒸 蒸
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		凝 凝
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋrɯŋ/ /*ŋrɯŋs/

Definitions

[edit]

凝

  1. to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
  2. to focus; to concentrate (attention)
  3. to stop; to be still
  4. slow; sluggish
  5. deep; gorgeous
  6. (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, of eyes) not moving; staring blankly
  7. (Teochew) cold
    凝死 [Teochew]  ―  ngang5 si2 [Peng'im]  ―  very cold
  8. (Hakka) ice
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷 weather
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冷
Taiwan 冷
Singapore 冷
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 冷
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 冷
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冷
Wanrong 冷
Xi'an 冷
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冷
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
Guilin 冷
Liuzhou 冷, 凊
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 冷
Hefei 冷
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
Taishan 冷
Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 凍
Gan Nanchang 冷
Lichuan 冷
Hakka Meixian 冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷, 寒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷, 寒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
Jin Taiyuan 冷
Northern Min Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min Fuzhou 凊, 凍
Southern Min Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Shishi 寒
Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Zhao'an 寒
Dongshan 寒
Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather, 凊
Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather
Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
Shantou (Chenghai) 凝, 凊
Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝
Jieyang 凝, 凊
Singapore (Teochew) 凝
Wenchang 寒
Qionghai 寒
Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒 weather
Wu Shanghai 冷
Shanghai (Chongming) 冷
Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
Danyang 冷
Hangzhou 冷
Ningbo 冷
Wenzhou 冷, 凍
Lishui 冷
Jinhua 冷
Yushan 凊
Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold
Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 冰, 凌
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冰
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冰
Taiwan 冰
Chifeng 冰, 冰冰
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 冰
Harbin 冰
Wuchang (Yingchengzi) 冰
Shenyang 冰, 凍
Singapore 冰
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 冰
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 冰
Tangshan 冰
Cangzhou 冰
Xianxian (Xiaoying) 凌
Baoding 冰
Shijiazhuang 冰
Weifang (Weicheng) 凍凍
Weifang (Fangzi) 凍凍
Changle 凍凍
Shouguang 凍凍
Rizhao 凍凍
Wulian 凍凍
Jinan 冰, 凍凍
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 冰
Qingdao 冰
Weifang (Hanting) 凍凍
Changyi 凍凍
Gaomi 凍凍
Zhucheng 凍凍
Anqiu 凍凍
Linqu 凍凍
Qingzhou 凍凍
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冰, 冰凌
Wanrong 冬凌
Zhengzhou 冰
Xi'an 冰
Dingbian 冰
Xining 冰
Xuzhou 凍凍, 冰冰, 冰
Qimen (Anling; Junhua) 冰凍
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冰
Lanzhou 冰, 凍
Ürümqi 冰
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冰, 凌冰, 凌冰兒
Muli 凌冰子
Chongqing 冰, 凌冰兒
Wuhan 凌, 凌冰, 冰, 凍
Guiyang 冰, 凌冰 in nature
Kunming 冰凌
Guilin 冰
Pingle 冰
Liuzhou 冰
Luzhai 冰
Nanning (Wuming) 冰
Binyang (Nanjie) 冰
Hechi (Yizhou) 冰
Luocheng (Dongmen) 冰
Tianlin (Langping) 凝
Xiangzhou (Nalu) 冰
Reshuitang (Longling) 冰
Mae Salong (Lancang) 冰
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 冰
Oudomxay 冰棒
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 冰, 凍
Yangzhou 冰
Nantong 凍
Hefei 冰凍, 冰
Chuzhou 冰凍
Hong'an 凌冰
Cantonese Guangzhou 雪, 冰
Hong Kong 冰, 雪
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 冰
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 冰
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 冰
Zhongshan (Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka) 冰, 雪
Taishan 冰
Taishan (Guanghai) 冰, 雪
Dongguan 冰, 雪
Yangjiang 冰
Wuzhou 冰
Yulin 冰
Hepu (Lianzhou) 冰
Hepu (Shatian) 冰
Guiping (Jintian) 冰
Guiping (Jiangkou) 冰
Guiping (Madong) 冰
Beiliu 冰
Baise 冰
Qinzhou 冰
Qinzhou (Changtan) 冰
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 冰
Beihai 冰
Beihai (Nankang) 冰
Beihai (Yingpan) 冰
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冰
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冰
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冰
Chongzuo (Laituan) 冰, 霜 dated
Fusui (Qujiu) 冰, 霜 dated
Lingchuan (Yangjia) 冰
Danzhou 冰
Sanya (Yanglan; Maihua) 冰
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 冰
Singapore (Guangfu) 冰
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 冰
Móng Cái 冰
Yangon (Taishan) 冰
Mandalay (Taishan) 冰
Gan Nanchang 冰, 冰凌
Pengze 凌冰
Yanshan 冰
Lichuan 冰凌
Pingxiang 冰, 凌冰 dated; in nature
Hakka Meixian 凝, 冰
Xingning 凝餅
Huidong (Daling) 凝
Dongguan (Qingxi) 冰
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 冰
Wuhua (Huacheng) 硬凝
Wuhua (Changbu) 凝
Wuhua (Mianyang) 冰
Heyuan (Bendihua) 冰
Wengyuan 冰
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 硬凝
Liannan 冰
Jiexi 冰
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 冰
Changting 凌冰
Wuping 凌冰
Wuping (Yanqian) 凌冰
Wuping (Pingyu) 硬凝
Liancheng 凌冰
Liancheng (Peitian) 凌冰
Ninghua 凌冰
Yudu 冰
Ningdu 凌冰
Ruijin 凌冰
Shicheng 凌冰
Shangyou (Shexi) 硬構
Tonggu (Sandu) 凌冰
Ganzhou (Panlong) 凌冰
Dayu 凌冰
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冰
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冰
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冰
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冰
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冰
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冰
Hong Kong 冰
Yangxi (Tangkou) 冰
Yangchun (Sanjia) 冰
Xinyi (Sihe) 雪
Xinyi (Qianpai) 冰
Gaozhou (Xindong) 冰
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 冰
Huazhou (Xin'an) 冰
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 冰
Lianjiang (Qingping) 冰
Mengshan (Xihe) 冰
Luchuan 冰
Bobai (Shahe) 冰
Bobai (Longtan) 冰
Bobai (Lingping) 冰
Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) 冰
Xingye (Gaofeng) 冰
Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 冰
Pingle (Tong'an) 冰
Yangshuo (Jinbao) 冰
Senai (Huiyang) 冰
Singkawang 雪
Pontianak (Meixian) 雪
Huizhou Jixi 冰, 凍冰
Shexian (Xianggao) 冰
Shexian (Daguyun) 冰, 凍冰
Qimen (Anling; Minhua) 冰凍
Jin Taiyuan 冰, 冰凌
Datong 冰
Datong (Yunzhou) 冰
Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) 冰凌
Xinzhou 冬蠟
Changzhi 冰凌
Linhe 冰
Jining 冰
Hohhot 冰
Handan 冰
Northern Min Jian'ou 冰, 霜冰
Pucheng (Shibei) 冰
Eastern Min Fuzhou 冰
Gutian 冰
Southern Min Xiamen 冰, 霜
Quanzhou 冰, 霜
Zhangzhou 冰, 霜
Tainan 冰
Penang (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Singapore (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Manila (Hokkien) 霜
Pingnan (Pingtian) 冰
Guiping (Xiaowen) 冰
Guiping (Dongsheng) 冰
Guilin (Biyange) 冰
Chaozhou 霜, 冰
Shantou 冰
Jieyang 冰
Bangkok (Teochew) 霜水
Phnom Penh (Teochew) 冰霜
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 冰
Singapore (Teochew) 霜
Pontianak (Teochew) 冰
Wenchang 冰
Haikou 冰
Central Min Yong'an 霜冰
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 冰
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冰
Nanning (Gejiayuan) 冰
Nanning (Zhegulu) 冰
Nanning (Silian) 冰
Nanning (Xiuxiang) 冰
Binyang 冰
Chongzuo (Laituan) 冰
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 冰
Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 冰
Lingchuan (Sanjie) 冰
Lingchuan (Gaoqiao) 冰
Guanyang (Guanyinge) 雪
Shehua Fu'an 冰
Fuding 冰
Luoyuan 冰
Sanming 冰
Shunchang 冰
Hua'an 冰
Guixi (Zhangping) 冰
Cangnan 冰
Jingning (Hexi) 冰
Lishui 冰
Longyou 冰
Chaozhou 冰
Fengshun 雪
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 涼槓
Luxi (Liangjiatan) 凝鉤子
Wu Shanghai 冰
Shanghai (Songjiang) 冰
Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) 冰
Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) 冰
Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) 冰
Shanghai (Chongming) 冰
Suzhou 冰
Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang) 冰
Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) 冰
Wuxi 冰
Changshu 冰, 冰凍
Kunshan 冰
Jiaxing 冰
Changzhou 冰, 結冰
Liyang 冰
Yixing 冰
Danyang 冰, 凍
Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) 冰
Jingjiang 冰
Jiangyin 冰
Huzhou (Shuanglin) 冰
Hangzhou 冰
Hangzhou (Fuyang) 冰
Shaoxing 冰
Zhuji (Wangjiajing) 冰凍
Shengzhou (Chongren) 冰
Shengzhou (Taiping) 冰
Ningbo 冰
Yuyao 冰
Taizhou (Huangyan) 冰
Wenzhou 冰, 霜冰 in nature
Quzhou 冰
Jinhua 冰
Jinhua (Tangxi) 冰
Yongkang 冰
Xiang Changsha 凌, 凌冰 in nature
Xiangxiang 冰
Xiangxiang (Meiqiao) 凌構子
Shuangfeng 構冷子
Hengshan 冰
Hengshan (Baiguo) 冰
Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao) 冰, 凌, 凌構

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
trad. 凝
simp. # 凝

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

凝

  1. (Hokkien) Alternative form of 睨 (“to glare”)

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
凝

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. congeal

Readings

[edit]
  • On (unclassified): ぎょう (gyō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: こる (koru, 凝る, Jōyō)、こらす (korasu, 凝らす, Jōyō)

Compounds

[edit]

Korean

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

凝 (eum 응 (eung))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

凝: Hán Nôm readings: ngưng, ngừng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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