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挺

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挺 U+633A, 挺
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-633A
← 挹
[U+6339] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 挻 →
[U+633B]

Translingual

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Han character

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挺 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 手弓大土 (QNKG), four-corner 52041, composition ⿰扌廷)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 432, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12106
  • Dae Jaweon: page 781, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1869, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+633A

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (廷) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蜓 *l'eːnʔ, *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
涏 *l'eːns, *l'eːŋʔ
綎 *l̥ʰeːŋ, *l'eːŋ
珽 *l̥ʰeːŋʔ
脡 *l̥ʰeːŋʔ
侹 *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, *l̥ʰeːŋs
頲 *l'eːŋʔ
廷 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
庭 *l'eːŋ
鼮 *l'eːŋ
莛 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
筳 *l'eːŋ
霆 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
娗 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
挺 *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ
艇 *l'eːŋʔ
鋌 *l'eːŋʔ
梃 *l'eːŋʔ
誔 *l'eːŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 廷 (OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ).

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 挺
alternative forms 𡈼 ancient

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“straight; straighten”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2003, 2007). Compare Burmese ဖြောင့် (hpraung., “straight”), as well as the following Chinese terms:

  • 𡈼 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, “good, virtuous; to be good at”)
  • 庭 (OC *l'eːŋ, “straight (of growing grain), upright (of morality); courtyard”)
  • 梃 (OC *l'eːŋʔ, “stick, staff, club”)
  • 筳 (OC *l'eːŋ, “bamboo rod”)
  • 鋌 (OC *l'eːŋʔ, “metal rod, ingot”)
  • 珽 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, “jade scepter”)

The Sino-Tibetan root is allofamic with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank, palm, flat surface, wing”) (whence 平 (OC *ben, *beŋ, “flat, even”)) and Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)liŋ (“full; to fill”) (whence 盈 (OC *leŋ, “to fill; full, surplus”)), with the semantic core of these roots being a "complete realization of a dimensional quality".

The intensifier usage “quite; very” is most likely a grammaticalized usage from “outstanding; prominent” (Liu, 2008; Yang, 2021). Alternatively, it may be from Manchu ᡨᡝᠨ (ten, “extreme”) (Aixinjueluo, 1993).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • tháⁿ, thán, thíⁿ - vernacular;
  • théng - literary.
Rime
Character 挺 挺
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 定 (7) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 青 (125) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) IV IV
Fanqie 特丁切 徒鼎切
Baxter deng dengX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/deŋ/ /deŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/deŋ/ /deŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/dɛŋ/ /dɛŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/dɛjŋ/ /dɛjŋX/
Li
Rong 		/deŋ/ /deŋX/
Wang
Li 		/dieŋ/ /dieŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/dʱieŋ/ /dʱieŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		tíng dìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ting4 ding6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 挺
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		tǐng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ thengX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*l̥ˁeŋʔ/
English stand up straight

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 挺 挺
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 12429 12430
Phonetic
component 		廷 廷
Rime
group 		耕 耕
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		庭 挺
Old
Chinese 		/*l'eːŋ/ /*l'eːŋʔ/

Definitions

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挺

  1. straight; erect
    筆挺／笔挺  ―  bǐtǐng  ―  straight; erect
  2. to stick out; to straighten up
    挺起胸膛  ―  tǐng qǐ xiōngtáng  ―  to proudly put one's chest out
    挺直條腰／挺直条腰 [Cantonese]  ―  ting5 zik6 tiu4 jiu1 [Jyutping]  ―  to straighten up one's back
  3. to endure; to stand
    我挺不住了。  ―  Wǒ tǐng bùzhù le.  ―  I can no longer endure this.
    挺過這道坎兒／挺过这道坎儿  ―  tǐng guò zhè dào kǎnr  ―  to persist and overcome this hurdle
  4. to support
    我是挺你的！  ―  Wǒ shì tǐng nǐ de!  ―  I support you!
  5. outstanding; prominent
  6. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin, colloquial) quite; rather; pretty; very
    挺不錯／挺不错  ―  tǐng bùcuò  ―  quite good
    挺可愛／挺可爱  ―  tǐng kě'ài  ―  quite cute
  7. Classifier for machine guns.
Usage notes
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In Standard Mandarin, the degree of 挺 is usually less than 很 (hěn) and 非常 (fēicháng).

Synonyms
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  • (to support):
  • (outstanding):
  • (quite) (Cantonese) 幾／几 (gei2)
Dialectal synonyms of 很 (“very”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 甚, 孔
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 很, 非常, 十分
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
Taiwan 很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級
Malaysia 很
Singapore 很, 蠻, 非常
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
Jinan 挺, 楞
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 很
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 很, 好
Chongqing 很
Wuhan 蠻, 很
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 蠻, 稀, 很
Hefei 很
Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 非常之
Hong Kong 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 好
Taishan 好, 十分之
Yangjiang 好
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 好
Singapore (Guangfu) 好, 非常之, 非常
Gan Nanchang 蠻
Hakka Meixian 好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation
Huidong (Daling) 好
Wuhua (Meilin) 好
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 頂
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 好
Changting 野
Wuping (Pingyu) 已, 刮
Liancheng 樣
Ninghua 好
Ruijin 蠻
Shicheng 蠻
Shangyou (Shexi) 蠻
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 已, 還
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 蓋, 盡, 還
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 盡, 已, 還
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 已, 還
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 已, 還
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 足, 真, 實在
Hong Kong 好
Sabah (Bao'an) 好
Kuching (Hepo) 很
Singapore (Dabu) 好
Jin Taiyuan 很, 挺
Northern Min Jian'ou 盡
Eastern Min Fuzhou 野, 真
Singapore (Fuqing) 真
Sitiawan (Gutian) 真
Southern Min Xiamen 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一
Xiamen (Tong'an) 真
Quanzhou 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰
Jinjiang 野
Zhangzhou 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔
Zhao'an 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
Dongshan 真, 非常
Taipei 真, 誠
New Taipei (Sanxia) 真, 誠
Kaohsiung 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Yilan 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
Changhua (Lukang) 真, 誠
Taichung 誠, 蓋, 足
Tainan 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Hsinchu 真, 誠
Kinmen 足, 誠
Penghu (Magong) 真, 誠
Penang (Hokkien) 真, 誠, 真正
Singapore (Hokkien) 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
Manila (Hokkien) 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
Chaozhou 過, 好, 非常, 死爸
Shantou 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
Shantou (Chenghai) 好, 死絕
Shantou (Chaoyang) 好, 非常
Jieyang 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
Bangkok (Teochew) 好
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 好
Singapore (Teochew) 真, 死爸, 非常
Wenchang 極, 但顧, 真
Haikou 但顧
Qionghai 但顧, 真
Singapore (Hainanese) 但顧, 真
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 好, 蠻
Wu Shanghai 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
Suzhou 蠻, 窮
Hangzhou 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
Ningbo 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
Zhoushan 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
Wenzhou 蠻, 蒙, 顯
Xiang Changsha 很, 蠻
Shuangfeng 蠻

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
 挺
alternative forms 停
亭

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From 停?”)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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挺

  1. (Cantonese) kind; sort; type

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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挺

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: じょう (jō)←でう (deu, historical)
  • Kan-on: てい (tei)
  • On: ちょう (chō)←てう (teu, historical)
  • Kun: ぬく (nuku, 挺く)

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
挺
ちょう
Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

Counter

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挺(ちょう) • (-chō) 

  1. long and narrow things such as guns, scissors, candles, inksticks

Compounds

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Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

挺 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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挺: Hán Nôm readings: đĩnh

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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