Appendix:Proto-Kam-Sui reconstructions
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The following list of 368 reconstructed Proto-Kam-Sui forms is from Thurgood (1988: 209-218).
List
[edit]| Gloss | Proto-Kam-Sui |
|---|---|
| angry | *hwaːt⁷ |
| angry | *hnaːn⁵ |
| to answer | *taːp⁷ |
| ant | *mwit⁸ |
| arm | *laːk⁸ |
| arm | *k-xiːn¹ |
| armpit | *khjaːk⁷ |
| arrive, reach | *taŋ¹ |
| ascend | *cha⁵ |
| ashes | *phwuːk⁷ |
| ashes | *phlaːu⁵ |
| aunt | *pa³ |
| back(bone) | *hlaːi¹ |
| back, behind | *lun² |
| bad, cruel | *hwaːi⁶ |
| bamboo strip | *thruk⁷ |
| bamboo | *xwan¹ |
| bank, shore | *pwaŋ⁵ |
| to bark | *khrau⁵ |
| basket, winnowing | *ɗuŋ³ |
| bathe | *ʔaːp⁷ |
| bear | *ʔmuːi¹ |
| beard | *m-luːt⁸ |
| bedbug | *hȵiŋ¹ |
| bee | *mit⁸ |
| bee | *daːŋ² |
| bee, wasp | *ʔdlu¹ |
| below | *te³ |
| bird | *mluk⁸ |
| bite; chew | *krip⁷ |
| bitter | *kam¹ |
| black | *ʔnam¹ |
| blind | *ɓuːt⁷ |
| blood | *phlaːt⁷ |
| blow (wind) | *hwaːt⁷ |
| to blow | *dzup⁸ |
| body | *thrun¹ |
| bone | *tlaːk⁷ |
| bow, bend | *cam³ |
| bowl, cup | *duːi⁴ |
| branch | *ʔŋa⁵ |
| branch | *ciŋ⁵ |
| break, tear | *praːk⁷ |
| bright | **kraːŋ¹ |
| brother, older | *ɣwaːi⁴ |
| to bundle | *dzuːk⁸ |
| bury | *hmuk⁷ |
| to buy | *trai³ |
| cabbage | *kaːt⁷ |
| candle | *laːp⁸ |
| carry on back | *ʔma⁵ |
| catch, grasp | *kjap⁷ |
| cave | *kaːm¹ |
| centipede | *khryap⁷ |
| chest (body) | *tak⁷ |
| to chew | *hmaːk⁷ |
| to chew | *hnaːi⁵ |
| chicken | *kaːi⁵ |
| young chicken | *hŋlaːŋ⁵ |
| to chop | *hmaːk⁷ |
| to chop | *pram³ |
| close (eyes) | *khlap⁷ |
| cloud | *m-xwa³ |
| cold | *hnu¹ |
| collapse | *paŋ¹ |
| come; return | *hma¹ |
| to connect | *kjaːp⁷' |
| copper | *duŋ² |
| count | *ȵai⁶' |
| a cover | *hraːŋ⁵ |
| cowry (money), shell(fish) | *khruːi¹ |
| to crawl | *hlaːi⁵ |
| cross, pass | *da⁶ |
| a crow | *ka¹ |
| to cut | *kat⁷ |
| to cut | *kaːt⁷ |
| day | *hŋwan¹ |
| deaf | *ɗak⁷ |
| deep | *ʔyam¹ |
| descend | *hluːi⁵ |
| devil, ghost | *laːi⁴ |
| to die | *pjai¹ |
| dirt, earth | *di⁶ |
| disgusted | *ɓja⁵ |
| dog | *k-hma¹ |
| door | *tu¹ |
| dove | *gwau² |
| draw water | *tak⁷ |
| draw water | *te³ |
| dream | *pwjan¹ |
| to drink | *trwap⁷ |
| drop, fall | *tuk⁷ |
| drop, fall | *tuk⁷ |
| dull | *dip⁸ |
| ear of grain | *mpraːŋ¹ |
| ear | *khra¹ |
| early | *khjam¹ |
| eat | *caːn¹ |
| egg | *krai⁵ |
| eight | *pjaːt⁷ |
| end, tip | *phe¹ |
| evening | *ʔȵam⁵ |
| exchange | *hlik⁷ |
| excrement | *ke⁴ |
| expensive | *mpiŋ¹ |
| extinguish | *ɗap⁷ |
| eye | *thla¹ |
| face, in front | *ʔna³ |
| to fall | *lai⁴ |
| far | *klaːi¹ |
| fart | *tut⁷ |
| feed, raise | *gjaːŋ⁴ |
| dry field | *traːi⁵ |
| paddy field | *ʔra⁵ |
| fingernail | *ʔdlyap⁷ (?) |
| fire | *pwai¹ |
| first | *kuːn⁵ |
| fish (loach) | *mlit⁸ |
| fish | *mprai³ |
| fish | *pa¹ |
| fish | *mum⁶ |
| five | *ŋu⁴ |
| flea | *k-hmat⁷ |
| flesh, meat | *naːn⁴ |
| flower | *nuk⁷ |
| fog | *muk⁸ |
| forehead | *praːk⁷ |
| forest | *ɗuŋ¹ |
| to forget | *laːm² |
| field frog | *kup⁷ |
| small frog | *k-wai³ |
| full | *tiːk⁷ |
| to get, gain | *ɗai³ |
| gills | *ʔȵaːk⁷ |
| to give | *khjaːi¹ |
| to go out, out | *ʔuːk⁷ |
| to go, walk | *paːi¹ |
| god, ghost | *mwaːŋ¹ |
| good | *ɗaːi¹ |
| granary | *gju⁴ |
| grandchild | *khlaːn¹ |
| grasshopper | *thrak⁷ |
| hair, head | *pram¹ |
| hand | *k-mja¹ |
| hard | **kra³ |
| to hatch | *pram¹ |
| to have | *ʔnaŋ¹ |
| to have | *me² |
| head | *kru³ |
| to hit | *dai² |
| to hold in mouth | *ʔŋam¹ |
| hold (child) | *ʔuːm³ |
| to hold | *ȵam¹ |
| to hold | *hŋuːm³ |
| horn | *m-kwaːu¹ |
| horse | *ma⁴ |
| house | *hraːn¹ |
| hungry | *ɓjaːk⁷ |
| husband | *ʔre¹ |
| insane | *mpaːk⁷ |
| to insert | *ȵak⁸ |
| to insert | *tshaːp⁷ |
| intestine | *khjaːi³ |
| iron | *khlit⁷ |
| to kick | *daːp⁸ |
| to kneel | *gruk⁸ |
| knife | *miːt⁸ |
| knife, sword | *mbra⁴ |
| late | *khwe¹ |
| to laugh | *kru¹ |
| lazy | *khlut⁷ |
| lazy | *laːn⁴ |
| leaf | *pwa⁵ |
| to lean | *ʔniŋ³ |
| leech | *mpliŋ¹ |
| left over | *kla¹ |
| leg | *kwa¹ |
| leg, foot | *tiːn¹ |
| lick | *lja² (?) |
| lick | *ljaːm⁵ (?) |
| light, to float | *ɓau¹ |
| lightning | *ʔdlaːp⁷ |
| to like | *maŋ⁴ |
| liver | *tap⁷ |
| long | *ʔraːi³ |
| loom | *kraːk⁷ |
| to lose, misplace | *tuk⁷ |
| louse | *nan¹ |
| louse, chicken | *mprai¹ |
| to love (child) | *mprum¹ |
| low | *thram⁵ |
| maggot | **ʔnuːn¹ |
| male (person) | *mpaːn¹ |
| mark | *ʔme¹ |
| mark | *hle¹ |
| mat (straw) | *mpraːŋ¹ |
| meal, early | *ŋe² |
| meal, late | *mbrau² |
| medicine, to cure | *gja² |
| middle | *ta⁵ |
| monkey | *muːn⁶ |
| moon, month | *nüaːn¹ |
| morning | *hjit⁷ |
| mouth | *paːk⁷ |
| mucus | *muːk⁸ |
| mud, dirt | *khlum⁵ |
| mud, dirt | *naːm⁵ |
| mushroom | *hŋla¹ |
| to nail | *taːk⁷ |
| navel | *ɓlwa¹ |
| near | *phlai⁵ |
| net (to cast) | *ke¹ |
| new | *hmai⁵ |
| nose, face | *ʔnaŋ¹ |
| oil | *man² |
| old (things) | *kaːu⁵ |
| old (vegetables) | *ke⁵ |
| otter, beaver | *ɓjaːn³ |
| otter, beaver | *chaːt⁷ |
| outside | *ʔŋluːk⁷ |
| palm (hand) | *phwa³ |
| pangolin | *lin⁶ |
| person, child | *laːk⁸ |
| pestle | *kjaːk⁷ |
| to pick up | *cup⁷ |
| to pick (flowers) | *ɓit⁷ |
| to pick, select | *laːi⁶ |
| pig | *k-hmu⁵ |
| wild pig | *ʔdlaːi⁵ |
| to pile | *dap⁸ |
| pillar | *ʔlaːu¹ |
| pipe, water | *liːn² |
| to plant | *ljum² |
| to plant | *mpra¹ |
| to transplant | *ʔdram¹ |
| pod, sheath | *pwak⁷ |
| shoulder pole | *hŋlaːn¹ |
| porcupine, wild pig | *ʔmiːn³ |
| to pull | *ʔdlaːk⁷ |
| pus | *zuk⁸ |
| to put | *kat⁷ |
| raft, bamboo | *naːŋ¹ |
| to rain | *xwin¹ |
| rat, mouse | *hnu³ |
| raw, live | *ɗip⁷ |
| to read | *duk⁸ |
| right side | *hwa¹ |
| ripe, cooked | *zuk⁸ |
| to rise (river) | *hma³ |
| river | *ʔnja¹ |
| rock, cliff | *pra¹ |
| root | *kjaːŋ¹ |
| rope | *ʔlaːk⁷ |
| to rot | *laːn⁶ |
| rotten | *naːu⁶ |
| scales | **krin⁵ |
| to scare | *khjaːn⁵ |
| to scoop | *tak⁷ |
| to see | *ʔlun¹ |
| to see | *ɗai³ |
| seed | *pwan¹ |
| rice seedling | *kla³ |
| to sell | *kwe¹ |
| sesame | *ʔŋra¹ |
| shadow | *tau¹ |
| to shake | *ŋaːu² |
| shallow | *m-hliːn⁵ (?) |
| be sharp | *hraːi⁵ |
| to sharpen | *gwan² |
| sharpened, pointed | *khjam¹ |
| spiral shell | *ɗau⁵ |
| short | *thrin³ |
| shuttle | *pjau⁵ |
| younger sibling | *nu⁴ |
| to sink | *ʔram¹ |
| to sit | *dzuːi⁶ |
| six | *ljuk⁸ |
| skin | *hŋra¹ |
| skinny, lean | *ʔrwum¹ (?) |
| sky | *ɓun¹ |
| to sleep | *nuːn² |
| to smell | *nun⁴ |
| snake | *dzuːi² |
| snow | *ʔnuːi¹ |
| soak, pickle | *hma⁵ |
| socks | *maːt⁸ |
| soft | *ʔma³ |
| sour | *khjum³ |
| sparrow | *tljaːi³ (?) |
| spicy (hot) | *m-hljaːn⁵ |
| to split | *pha⁵ |
| to split | *hmaːk⁷ |
| sprout, a | *ŋa² |
| stake, post | *khlak⁷ |
| star | *ʔdraːu¹ |
| star | *hmlut⁷ |
| to stay, live | *ŋjaːu⁶ |
| to steal | *hljak⁷ |
| stomach | *luŋ² |
| straw | *mpwaːŋ¹ |
| stream | *kruːi³ |
| to stuff | *kjak⁷ |
| to stuff | *hwit⁷' |
| sugar cane | *ʔuːi³ |
| a swallow | *ʔiːn⁵ |
| to sweep | *phjit⁷ (?) |
| sweet | *khwaːn¹ |
| tail | *khjut⁷ |
| to take | *ʔaːu¹ |
| taro | *ɓraːk⁷ |
| thick | *ʔna¹ |
| thick, viscous | *ʔnak⁷ |
| thin | *ɓwaːŋ¹ |
| this | *naːi⁶ |
| thunder | *tiːn³ |
| thunder | *lai⁶ |
| thunder, lightning | *pra³ |
| tiger | *mum⁴ |
| tired | *khwe³ |
| tired | *ʔni⁵ |
| tongue | *ma² |
| tooth | *pjwan¹ |
| trace, dregs | *hȵa⁵ |
| tree, wood | *mai⁴ |
| to twist | *kjaːt⁷ |
| two | *hra¹ |
| uncle | *ta¹ |
| upside down | *kam³ |
| to use | *juŋ⁶ |
| vegetable | *ʔma¹ |
| vestige | *hruːi¹ |
| village | *ɓaːn³ |
| to vomit | *trwak⁷ |
| to wait | *kra³ |
| to walk, crawl | *chaːm³ |
| to want | *aːu¹ |
| to wash clothes | *ʔlak⁷ |
| to wash hands | *zuːk |
| water | *ȵam³ |
| we (incl.) | *traːu¹ |
| to wear | *tan³ |
| to weave | *tam³ |
| to weave, plait | *kjaːn¹ |
| to weed | *ne¹ |
| to weep, cry | *ʔȵe³ |
| well, spring | *ɓun⁵ |
| well, spring | *ɓu⁵ |
| well, pond, pool | *thlam¹ |
| wet | *ʔrak⁷ |
| wind | *hlwum¹ |
| rice wine | *khlaːu³ |
| wing | *pwa⁵ |
| woman, girl | *ɓjaːk⁷ |
| (fire)wood | *trit⁷ |
| worm | *dzan⁴ |
| to wrap, bundle | *tuːk⁷ |
| to wring towel | *ɓjuːt⁷ (?) |
| to write | *kjaːt⁷ |
| yam | *man² |
| year | *mpe¹ |
References
[edit]- Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.