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Alexander Graham Bell

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Alexander Graham Bell
Portrait photae takken atween 1914 an 1919
BornMairch 3, 1847
Edinburgh, Scotland
Dee'd2 August 1922(1922-08-02) (aged 75)
Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, Canadae
Cause o daith
Complications frae diabetes [1]
Residence
  • Unitit Kinrick
  • Canadae
  • Unitit States
Citizenship
Alma mater
Thrift
  • Inventor
  • Scientist
  • Ingineer
  • Professor a
Teacher o the deaf 
Kent forInvention o the telephone 
Hauf-marrae(s)Mabel Hubbard (m. 1877–1922)
Bairnsfower b
Pawrents
Kin
Awairds
Signatur
Notes

Alexander Graham Bell (3 Mairch, 1847 – 2 August, 1922)[3] wis a Scots-born scientist, inventor, wha bade in Canadae, an efter in the Unitit States, wis foonder o the Bell Canada, an the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)[4] an wis kent as the 'faither o the telephone'.[5] As weel as his wirk in telecommunications technology, he wis responsible for sindry important advances in aviation an hydrofoil technology.[6]

Baith his mither and sister war baith profoondly deif, an male members o his faimily wirkit oan speech and elocution. This micht hae influenced Bell's ain research,[7] that led tae him gettin the first U.S. patent, oan 5 March 1876, fur the telephone,[8] tho he widna thole haein a telephone in his ain study fur it wad interupt his ither research wark.[8]

He wis forby interestit in heredity an his wark on this wis cawed "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."[7]

He becam the second preses (1898 -1903) o the National Geographic Society.[9]

Early life and faimily

Born Alexander Bell in Edinburgh on 3 Mairch 1847, his faither wis Alexander Melville Bell, a phoneticist wha developed sign language an his mither wis Eliza Grace Bell (née Symonds),[10] the faimily bided in Charlotte Street. He askit his faither tae gie him a middle name like his twa brithers, and sae wis named aifter a lodger wha his faither wis treatin, Alexander Graham, sae frae the age o elelven, he wis kent as Alexander Graham Bell.[11] His twa brithers Melville James Bell (1845–1870) and Edward Charles Bell (1848–1867), baith de'ed o tuberculosis.[12] His mither (frae Bell wis twelve) and sister were baith deif, and he becam interessit in hou tae communicate wi thaim, and in acoustics.[13] Bell wis musical and inventive as a child, and his parents encouraged him. His faither taucht him Visible Speech method, and Bell could interpet mony leids, wi'oot kennin the pronounciation sik as Laitin, Scots Gaelic and Sanskrit.[14] He then bided wi his granfaither in Lunnon fir ane year afore he gaed tae be a pupil-teacher o elocution and music but studied Laitin and Greek at Weston House Academy, Elgin, Moray.

Then he went tae the Varsity o Edinburgh, and also wis back at Elgin, and tocht in Bath, Somerset. And whiles he wis ill hissel, his younger brither Edward never rekivert and de'ed o tuberculosis (1867). And his elder brither, Melville in 1870. His faither hid years afore convalesced in Newfoondland, and as Bell wis also ill, tho he wis tae study at the Varsity o Lunnin, and had whiles tocht deif childer in Lunnon wi his faither, the faimily went tae bide in Canadae.[7]

Efter foondin the Bell Telephone Company, he merrit Mabel Hubbard oan 11 July 1877. They hid four childer, twa wha de'ed as infants, and twa dochters Elsie Mabel Bell and Marion Hubbard Bell.[15]

Research and teachin

Bell's faither encouraged him, and his brither Melville wha workit wi him, oan experiments on soond and acoustics. Yin involved makin a model o the thrapple (larynx) and skult, and usin bellows tae mak it spikk,[14] anither involved a dug, a Skye Tarrie, Trouve by making it mak 'human' soounds by pressin oan its thrapple and movin its lips wi his haunds.[16]

Baith in Canadae, and then in Boston, Bell workit wi the deif wi his faither, as a teacher in his ain shuil. Yin o Bell's private puplis wis Hellen Keller, baith blin and deif and nae able tae spikk. She was tocht by Bell using his faither's method and wis askit tae cut the sod fur the foondin o Bell's own institute, Volta Bureau, for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".[17]

In 1872, he becam professor o Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston Varsity Schull o Oratory. He tocht private pupils and continued tae experiment wi sound and music transmission. But he becam unweel forby.[16]

The telephone

Bell experimented wi soond transmission in various weys, includin a phonoautograph, and uisin electric currents tae trasmit the soonds.[18] At this time, 1870s, the telegraph wis growin across Americae an Canadae. Bell told twa walthie investors aboot his invention tae send multiple tones on a telegraph an this startit the investment ahint his invention ( and the necessary protection by patent), the telephone in 1875.[19] Another model by Elisha Gray wis forby applying fur a patent, and challenged Bell's application.

But his patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. This covered "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound."[8] Three days later, 10 March 1876, Bell transmitted soond by varying electrical currents. But he developed a better model wi electomagnetic methods. He continued to test his approach and eventually in August 1876, sent a soond transmission, ane wey, four miles frae his haim, and then eight miles tae Paris, Ontario.[20] His next step wis twa-wey conversation and this cam aboot oan 9 October 1876, frae Cambridge, Maryland tae Boston.[21]

The followin year, the Bell Telephone Company wis creatit an with an decade aboot 150,000 fowk in the Unitit States owned a telephone. Within twa years, Bell's demonstration o the telephone becam nationwide then international in a call wi Queen Victoria oan the Isle o Wight tae Soothhampton an Lunnon and an offer o a set o telephones fir hir uise.[22]

Ither projects

Photophone

Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter, developit a photophone that transmittit soond and human vyce o'er a beam o licht. Whan it wis testit ower a distance o 700feet on 21 June 1880, it wis 19 year afore the first vyce radio transmission.[7] [23] Bell thocht this wis his greatest invention.[24]

Metal detector

Bell developit a kind o metal detector tae assist tae speir oot o the murther o Preses James A. Garfield (1881) tae airt oot whaur the bullet haed gane.[25] Bell scrieved an airticle published in the American Association for the Advancement of Science aboot his invention and the investigation o the murther.[26]

Hydrofoil and aeronautics

Aifter ha'en seen the Forlanini hydrofoil on Lake Maggiore, Italy in 1910-11, Bell and Frederick W. Baldwin impruived the design and then workit wi boat-bigger, Walter Pinaud, afore and efter World War I, wi engines frae the U.S. Navy, creatit a hydrofoil that set the warld record for marine speed record of 70.86 miles per oor (114.04 kilometres per oor) on 19 September 1919, an held it fir ten years.[27] He wis ahint the Aerial Experiment Association, that wis testin an fleein heavier than air machines, wi investment frae his wife Mabel an includit testin o an enclosed cockpit and a form o aerelon, fir steerin. Oan 23 February 1909, he wis at the AEA's Sliver Dart first flicht in Canadae.[6]

Heredity and genetics

Frae thair interest in deif fowk, and genetics ower mony years, Bell and his wife Mabel experimentit wi breeding sheep tae develop yins that had mair teats fur feeding thaur lamms.[28] Frae there and his ither studies in eugenics, in 1921 Bell becam the honorary preses o the Second International Congress of Eugenics in New York and wis ca'ad 'a pioneeering investigator in the field of human genetics'[29]

Death

Bell de'ed o complications frae diabetes oan 2 August 1922.[30][7]

Notes

  1. ↑ Bell an his parents immigratit tae Canadae in 1870, but Canadian ceetizenship didnae exist formally till 1910; aw immigrants frae the UK remeened "Breetish subjects". Canadae wis Bell's domicile frae 1870 til 1871 an, awtho sent bi his faither fur tae teach in Boston, Massachusetts, an mibbes ayont. He becam a U.S. ceetizen in 1882.

References

  1. ↑ Gray, Charlotte (2006). [Alexander Graham Bell at Google Books Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell] Check |url= value (help). New York: Arcade. p. 419. ISBN 1-55970-809-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. ↑ "We Had No Idea What Alexander Graham Bell Sounded Like. Until Now". Smithsonian. Retrieved 13 Februar 2014.
  3. ↑ "Bell Homestead". www.brantford.ca (in Inglis). 7 Mairch 2024. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  4. ↑ "Transistorized: AT&T | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  5. ↑ "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876". World Digital Library. 1875–1876. Retrieved 24 Julie 2013.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  6. ↑ a b Phillips, Alan (1977). Into the 20th century: 1900/1910. Canada's illustrated heritage. Toronto: Natural Science of Canada Ltd. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-919644-22-9.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Bruce, Robert V. (1990). Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the conquest of solitude ([Nachdr. der Ausg.] Boston, Little, Brown, 1973 ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. pp. 419, 37, 491, 388. ISBN 978-0-8014-9691-2.
  8. ↑ a b c MacLeod, Elizabeth, ed. (1999). Alexander Graham Bell: an inventive life. Toronto: Kids Can Press. pp. 19, 12–13. ISBN 978-1-55074-456-9.
  9. ↑ "NGS Celebrates 23rd Founders Day | National Geographic (blogs)". web.archive.org. 2 Februar 2016. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  10. ↑ "ALEXANDER M. BELL DEAD.; Father of Prof. A.G. Bell Developed Sign Language for Mutes". The New York Times (in Inglis). 8 August 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  11. ↑ "Alexander Graham Bell: Call Me Alexander Graham Bell". web.archive.org. 24 Februar 2015. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  12. ↑ "About this Collection | Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the Library of Congress | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  13. ↑ Mackay, James (1997). Sounds out of silence: a life of Alexander Graham Bell. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publ. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-85158-833-6.
  14. ↑ a b Petrie, A. Roy (1983). Alexander Graham Bell. The Canadians. Don Mills, Ont: Fitzhenry & Whiteside. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0-88902-209-6.
  15. ↑ Grosvenor, Edwin S.; Wesson, Morgan (1997). Alexander Graham Bell : the life and times of the man who invented the telephone. Internet Archive. New York : Harry Abrams. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8109-4005-5.
  16. ↑ a b Groundwater, Jennifer (2005). Alexander Graham Bell: the spirit of invention; biography. Amazing stories. Canmore, Alta: Altitude Pub. Canada. pp. 30, 39. ISBN 978-1-55439-006-9.
  17. ↑ "Alexander Graham Bell | Biography, Education, Telephone, Inventions, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Inglis). 28 Mey 2024. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  18. ↑ Matthews, Tom L., ed. (1999). Always inventing: a photobiography of Alexander Graham Bell. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-0-7922-7391-2.
  19. ↑ Evenson, A. Edward (2000). The telephone patent conspiracy of 1876: the Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell controversy and its many players. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7864-0883-2.
  20. ↑ "Alexander Graham Bell and the Invention of the Telephone". www.telecommunications.ca. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  21. ↑ "First Phone Call". historycambridge.org. Retrieved 24 Juin 2024.
  22. ↑ Ross, Stewart (2001). Alexander Graham Bell. Scientists who made history. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-7398-4415-1.
  23. ↑ "First Radio Built by San Diego Resident". web.archive.org. 19 Februar 2002. Retrieved 25 Juin 2024.
  24. ↑ "Alexander Graham Bell". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca (in Inglis). Retrieved 25 Juin 2024.
  25. ↑ Grosvenor, Edwin S.; Wesson, Morgan (1997). AvRutick, Sharon (ed.). Alexander Graham Bell: the life and times of the man who invented the telephone. New York, NY: Abrams. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8109-4005-5.
  26. ↑ Bell, Alexander Graham (1 Januar 1883). "Upon the electrical experiments to determine the location of the bullet in the body of the late President Garfield; and upon a successful form of induction balance for the painless detection of metallic masses in the human body". American Journal of Science (in Inglis). s3-25 (145): 22–61. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-25.145.22.
  27. ↑ Boileau, John (2005). Fastest in the world: the saga of Canada's revolutionary hydrofoils. Halifax, NS: Formac Publ. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-88780-621-6.
  28. ↑ Greenwald, Brian H. (2009). "The Real "Toll" of A. G. Bell: Lessons about Eugenics". Sign Language Studies. 9 (3): 258–265. ISSN 0302-1475.
  29. ↑ Allen, Garland E. (Januar 1986). "The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910-1940: An Essay in Institutional History". Osiris (in Inglis). 2: 225–264. doi:10.1086/368657. ISSN 0369-7827.
  30. ↑ Gray, Charlotte (2006). Reluctant genius: Alexander Graham Bell and the passion for invention (1st U.S. ed ed.). New York: Arcade Pub. : Distributed by Hachette Book Group USA. p. 419. ISBN 978-1-55970-809-8. OCLC 62118266.CS1 maint: extra text (link)


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