Wiktionary

難

See also: 难
難 U+96E3, 難
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96E3
← 離
[U+96E2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 雤 →
[U+96E4]

難 U+FA68, 難
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA68
← 逸
[U+FA67] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 響 →
[U+FA69]
難 U+FAC7, 難
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAC7
← 陼
[U+FAC6] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 靖 →
[U+FAC8]

Translingual

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Traditional 難
Simplified 难
Japanese 難
Korean 難

Alternative forms

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  • In traditional Chinese, Japanese kyūjitai, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the component   for this character is written with 廿 on top. Note that the bottom portion is written 口 overlapped by 夫 and not 中 on top of 天.
  • In Japanese shinjitai, the component   is written with 艹 on top and has one stroke less. Due to Han unification, both traditional Chinese and Japanese forms are encoded under the same code point. The appearance of this character will differ according to the font used.
  • In simplified Chinese, the component   is simplified to 又 instead, giving the character 难 (U+96BE).
  • Two compatibility ideographs exist for this character. U+FA68 corresponds to the kyūjitai form of this character while U+FAC7 corresponds to the alternative Korean form which is similar to Japanese shinjitai.

Han character

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難 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+11 in Chinese and Korean, 隹+10 in Japanese, 19 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 18 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 廿人人土 (TOOG) or 廿戈人土 (TIOG), four-corner 40514, composition ⿰⿱廿⿻口夫隹(GHTKV or U+FA68) or ⿰𦰩隹(J or U+FAC7))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1370, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42128
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1876, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4108, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+96E3

Chinese

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trad. 難
simp. 难
alternative forms
𨿻
𩀏
𩀙
𩀡
𩀤
𨿻
𩀏
𩀙
𩀡
𩀤
𩁘
𩁚
𩁢
𩁣
𩁤
𩁩
𩁪
𩁬
𩁮
𩁲
𩁳
𪄿
𪅀
𪇠
𪇼
 

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (暵) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
儺 *naːl
臡 *naːl, *neːl, *njeːl
嘆 *n̥ʰaːn, *n̥ʰaːns
灘 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns
擹 *n̥ʰaːn
攤 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːnʔ, *naːns
癱 *n̥ʰaːn
歎 *n̥ʰaːns
難 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns
暵 *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns
熯 *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns, *njanʔ
漢 *hnaːns
戁 *rnaːnʔ, *njanʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns) : abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – a type of bird. Phonetically borrowed for other senses.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-n/t (“ill, pain, difficult, evil spirit”).

Cognate with Tibetan མནར (mnar, “to suffer; suffering”), ན (na, “to be sick, ill”), ནན་ཏེ (nan te, “sick, ill”), ནད (nad, “disease, suffering”), Burmese နာ (na, “to suffer pain, to be ill”), နတ် (nat, “nat (spirit), evil spirit”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note: lang5 - Chaozhou.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 難 (難易)
Mandarin Beijing /nan³⁵/
Harbin /nan²⁴/
Tianjin /nan⁴⁵/
Jinan /nã⁴²/
Qingdao /nã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /nan⁴²/
Xi'an /nã²⁴/
Xining /nã²⁴/
Yinchuan /nan⁵³/
Lanzhou /lɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /nan⁵¹/
Wuhan /nan²¹³/
Chengdu /nan³¹/
Guiyang /nan²¹/
Kunming /nã̠³¹/
Nanjing /laŋ²⁴/
Hefei /læ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /næ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /nɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /næ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ne²³/
Suzhou /ne̞¹³/
Hangzhou /nẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /na³¹/
Hui Shexian /lɛ⁴⁴/
Tunxi /lɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /lan¹³/
Xiangtan /nan¹²/
Gan Nanchang /lan⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /nan¹¹/
Taoyuan /nɑn¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /nan²¹/
Nanning /nan²¹/
Hong Kong /nan²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lan³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /naŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /nuiŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /laŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /naŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 難
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 那干切
Baxter nan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/nɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/nɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/nɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/nan/
Li
Rong 		/nɑn/
Wang
Li 		/nɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/nɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		nán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		naan4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 難
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		nán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nan ›
Old
Chinese 		/*nˁar/
English difficult

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 難
Reading # 1/2
No. 4897
Phonetic
component 		暵
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		難
Old
Chinese 		/*n̥ʰaːn/
Notes 朱駿聲暵省聲

Definitions

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難

  1. difficult; hard; troublesome
    Antonym: 易 (yì)
    為人父母很難。 [MSC, trad.]
    为人父母很难。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wéirén fùmǔ hěn nán. [Pinyin]
    it is difficult being a parent.
    這項工作非常難。 [MSC, trad.]
    这项工作非常难。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè xiàng gōngzuò fēicháng nán. [Pinyin]
    This job is very hard.
  2. bad; unpleasant
    難看／难看  ―  nánkàn  ―  ugly
    難聽／难听  ―  nántīng  ―  unpleasant to the ear
  3. to feel difficult; to find difficult
  4. to make things difficult for; to put someone in a difficult position
  5. difficulty; something which is difficult; issue
  6. 79th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "difficulties" (𝍔)
  7. Alternative form of 戁／𫺷 (nǎn, “to dread; to fear”)
  8. Alternative form of 攤／摊 (“sacrificial rites for getting rid of bogeys”)
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 難, 困難, 艱難
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 難, 困難, 艱難
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 難
Taiwan 難
Singapore 難
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 難
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 難
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 難
Wuhan 難
Guilin 難
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 難
Hefei 難
Cantonese Guangzhou 難, 惡 †
Hong Kong 難, 惡 †
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 難
Taishan 難, 惡 †
Yangjiang 難, 惡 †
Singapore (Guangfu) 難
Gan Nanchang 難
Hakka Meixian 難
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 難
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 難
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 難
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 難
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 難
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 難
Jin Taiyuan 難
Northern Min Jian'ou 難
Eastern Min Fuzhou 艱難, 難
Southern Min Xiamen 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Quanzhou 惡
Jinjiang 難
Zhangzhou 惡
Zhao'an 惡, 䆀 †
Dongshan 惡
Taipei 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 惡
Kaohsiung 惡
Yilan 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 惡
Taichung 惡
Tainan 惡, 歹 †
Hsinchu 惡
Kinmen 惡
Penghu (Magong) 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦, 歹 †
Singapore (Hokkien) 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦, 惡, 歹 †
Chaozhou 惡
Shantou 難, 惡
Shantou (Chenghai) 惡
Jieyang 惡, 艱苦
Haifeng 惡
Singapore (Teochew) 惡, 歹 †
Wenchang 惡
Haikou 惡
Singapore (Hainanese) 惡
Wu Suzhou 難
Wenzhou 難
Xiang Changsha 難
Shuangfeng 難
Note † - only used with a verbal complement
Antonyms
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  • (antonym(s) of “easy”): 容易 (róngyì)
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2

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Note: lang7 - Chaozhou.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 難 (遭難)
Mandarin Beijing /nan⁵¹/
Harbin /nan⁵³/
Tianjin /nan⁵³/
Jinan /nã²¹/
Qingdao /nã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /nan³¹²/
Xi'an /nã⁴⁴/
Xining /nã²¹³/
Yinchuan /nan¹³/
Lanzhou /lɛ̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /nan²¹³/
Wuhan /nan³⁵/
Chengdu /nan¹³/
Guiyang /nan²¹³/
Kunming /nã̠²¹²/
Nanjing /laŋ⁴⁴/
Hefei /læ̃⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /næ̃⁴⁵/
Pingyao /nɑŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /næ̃⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ne²³/
Suzhou /ne̞³¹/
Hangzhou /nẽ̞¹³/
Wenzhou /na²²/
Hui Shexian /lɛ²²/
Tunxi /lɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lan⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /nan⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /lan²¹/
Hakka Meixian /nan⁵³/
Taoyuan /nɑn⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /nan²²/
Nanning /nan²²/
Hong Kong /nan²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lan²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /nɑŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /nuiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /laŋ³¹/
Haikou (Hainanese) /naŋ³³/
Rime
Character 難
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 奴案切
Baxter nanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/nɑnH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/nɑnH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/nɑnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/nanH/
Li
Rong 		/nɑnH/
Wang
Li 		/nɑnH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/nɑnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		nàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		naan6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 難
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		nàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nanH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*nˁar-s/
English difficulty

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 難
Reading # 2/2
No. 4900
Phonetic
component 		暵
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		攤
Old
Chinese 		/*naːns/

Definitions

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難

  1. disaster; calamity; catastrophe
    災難／灾难  ―  zāinàn  ―  disaster, catastrophe
    危難／危难  ―  wēinàn  ―  calamity
    劫難／劫难  ―  jiénàn  ―  calamity
  2. revolt; attack
  3. enmity; foe
  4. to blame; to scold; to reproach
    質難／质难  ―  zhìnàn  ―  to blame
    非難／非难  ―  fēinàn  ―  to blame
  5. to keep out; to ward off; to refuse
  6. to argue; to debate
Compounds
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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (難):
  • → Japanese: 難(なん) (nan)
  • → Korean: 난(難) (nan)
  • → Vietnamese: nạn (難)

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 難
Kyūjitai
[1][2]
難
&#xFA68;
or
難+&#xFE00;? 		 
難󠄀
難+&#xE0100;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
難󠄄
難+&#xE0104;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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難

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 難)

  1. difficult

Readings

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From Middle Chinese 難 (MC nan|nanH):

  • Go-on: なん (nan, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: だん (dan)

From Middle Chinese; compare Mandarin 難／难 (nuó):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
難
なん
Grade: 6
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
難 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 難 (MC nan).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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難(なん) • (nan) 

  1. difficulty

References

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  1. ^ “難”, in 漢字ぺディア‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
  2. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2268 (paper), page 1186 (digital)
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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難 (eumhun 어려울 난 (eoryeoul nan))

  1. hanja form? of 난 (“difficulty”)

Compounds

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Tày

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Adjective

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難 (nàn)

  1. Nôm form of nàn (“hard, late”).

References

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  • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày‎[3] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Vietnamese

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Han character

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難: Hán Nôm readings: nan, nạn, nản, nần, nàn

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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