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Translingual
editHan character
edit儂 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 人廿田女 (OTWV), four-corner 25232, composition ⿰亻農)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 118, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1176
- Dae Jaweon: page 251, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 225, character 4
- Unihan data for U+5102
Chinese
editGlyph origin
edit| trad. | 儂 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 侬 | |
| alternative forms | 人 Min 𠆧 Eastern Min 農／农 Wu | |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nuːŋ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 農 (OC *nuːŋ).
Etymology 1
edit- “Person; I; me > suffix for pronouns” in southeastern varieties
Its senses of “person; human being” and “pronoun suffix” are well-attested in the classical literature, dating back to the Six Dynasties. At the present time, traces of this word are found in various Southern regions such as Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, in Wu, Min, Hui and Gan.
- “Person; human”
- In Coastal Min (Eastern, Southern and Puxian Min), it serves as the vernacular reading of 人 (OC *njin, “person”), by itself or in compounds. It is also used in Jinqu Wu lects (also classified as Wuzhou Wu and Chuqu Wu), usually written as 農.
- “I”
- 儂 was used to mean “I” in medieval poetry from the Wu region, before it was displaced by the more common 我 (MC ngaX, “I”). Also attested was Ancient Wu 阿儂 (MC 'a nowng, “I”), which was abbreviated to 阿 (“I”) in certain localities, such as that of Jinhua.
- “Pronoun suffix”
- This is widely found in Wu and Min languages. The structure ‹ singular pronoun (“I, you, he/she/it”) + 儂 › is common, with 儂 functioning either as a meaningless particle or a pluraliser. The resulting forms were thus used to mean singular or plural pronouns, and were rather prone to elision to become a single syllable. Compare the following plural pronouns in Min:
Original word Meaning Fuding
(Eastern Min)Longyan
(Southern Min)Xiamen
(Southern Min)Xianyou
(Puxian Min)我儂 we ua neiŋ gua laŋ gun (阮) kuoŋ ~ kŋ (滾) 儂儂 we (inclusive) - laŋ laŋ lan (咱) - 汝儂 you (plural) ni neiŋ li laŋ lin (恁) tyøŋ (長) 伊儂 they i neiŋ i laŋ in (𪜶) yøŋ (𪜶)
- A similar chain of changes happened in the Wu varieties to arrive at the modern divergent dialectal forms for “you (singular)”.
爾儂 (MC nyeX nowng) Lect Term Northern Fenghua /n̩˧˨˦ noŋ/ 爾儂／尔侬 Yuyao /noŋ˩˩˧/ 儂／侬 Shanghai /noŋ˩˩˧/ 儂／侬 Ningbo /nəu˨˩˧/ 諾／诺 Changshu /nɛ̃˧˩/ 倷 Suzhou /ne̞˧˩/ 倷 Shengze /nə˧˩/ 倷 Jinqu Tangxi /ŋ˨˩˩ noŋ˩˨/ 爾儂／尔侬 Lanxi /ŋ˥˦˦ noŋ˦˧˧/ 爾儂／尔侬
- Some lects, such as Shanghainese, have merged the two syllables into one, leaving 儂／侬 to mean “you (singular)”.
With regard to the etymology of this word, Huang (1980), Norman (1983) and Zhou (1986) hypothesised that this is the same as 農 (OC *nuːŋ, “farmer; peasant”). The use of this word as a pronoun may have originated as a form of personal deprecation and then come to be used as a full-fledged pronoun. Pan and Chen (1995) disagree, proposing that nong was originally a Baiyue substrate word possibly of Kra-Dai origin, and possibly an original clan name later developing to mean “person; I”. Compare Zhuang Nungz (surname) and name of the 11th century Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao, as well as the name of the Nùng people in Vietnam.
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): nung4
- Eastern Min (BUC): nè̤ng / nùng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6non
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄨㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nóng
- Wade–Giles: nung2
- Yale: núng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nong
- Palladius: нун (nun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /nʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: nung4
- Yale: nùhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: nung4
- Guangdong Romanization: nung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /nʊŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nè̤ng / nùng
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡøyŋ⁵³/, /nˡuŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- nè̤ng - vernacular;
- nùng - literary.
- Southern Min
- lâng - vernacular;
- lông - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: nang5 / long5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nâng / lông
- Sinological IPA (key): /naŋ⁵⁵/, /loŋ⁵⁵/
- nang5 - vernacular;
- long5 - literary.
- nang5 - vernacular;
- nong5 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: nowng
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*nuːŋ/
Definitions
edit儂
- (coastal Min, dialectal Wu) person; human being (Classifier: 隻／只 md; 個／个 mn)
- (coastal Min) a person associated with a particular identity or trait; -er
- (coastal Min) physical, psychological or moral quality or condition
- (coastal Min) others; other people
- (Wu, coastal Min) I; me
- (archaic or Wu) you (singular)
- (dialectal Wu) he, him; she, her; it
- (Min, Wu) Suffix for pronouns, functioning as a meaningless particle or a pluralising particle.
- a surname. Nong
Usage notes
edit- (I):
- Archaic in Wu.
- In Coastal Min (Eastern Min nè̤ng; Hokkien lāng, lǎng, lâng; Hainanese nang2), it is often used affectionately like Mandarin 人家 (rénjia).
Synonyms
editDescendants
edit- Cantonese: 冷 (laang5-1) (via Teochew)
Compounds
editEtymology 2
edit| trad. | 儂 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 侬 | |
Probably a Kra-Dai substrate word. Compare Proto-Tai *nwoːŋꟲ (“younger sibling”) (whence Zhuang nuengx (“younger sibling”)), Southern Kam nongx (“younger sibling”).
Pronunciation
edit- Southern Min (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): nong3
Definitions
edit儂
- (dialectal Cantonese) child
- (dialectal Cantonese) son
- (Leizhou Min) infant
- (Hainanese, polite, humble) Used as a first-person singular pronoun, especially used by someone in the younger generation.
- 儂是海南阿哥 老厝置瓊海丹嶺村 [Hainanese, trad.]
- From: 2019, 黃明志 (Namewee) ft. 林俊逸 (Sean Lin), 不到海南島 (Lovely Hainan Island)
- nong3 di5 hhai3 nam2 a1 go1, lao5 su4 ddu5 heng2 hhai3 ddan1 lia3 sui1 [Guangdong Romanization]
- I am Mr. Hainan, who came from Danling village in Qionghai country[sic – meaning county]
侬是海南阿哥 老厝置琼海丹岭村 [Hainanese, simp.]
- (Hainanese, endearing) A pronoun used by someone in the older generation to refer to someone in the younger generation.
Synonyms
editCompounds
editJapanese
editKanji
editReadings
edit- Go-on: の (no)、のう (nō)
- Kan-on: どう (dō)
- Kan’yō-on: のん (non)
- Kun: わし (washi, 儂)、われ (ware, 儂)、かれ (kare, 儂)
Usage notes
editThis character is seldom used in modern Japanese.
Etymology 1
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 儂 |
| わし Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 私 (more common) |
Contraction of 私 (watashi, “I, me”).[1][2]
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editUsage notes
edit
The term is a regular pronoun in Western Japan, used primarily by men in most regions. Depending on the region, it may be used mainly by the elderly, which is especially true for women using it, and becoming more true as usage of local variants declines in younger generations. Its use is often considered stereotypical of old people in Japanese media and is frequently used in TV shows and comics to emphasize the age of characters. However, it may also simply be used to emphasize the character as hailing from Kansai.
More commonly spelled 私, or in kana to make the reading explicit.
Etymology 2
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 儂 |
| かれ Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi |
Very rare alternative spelling. See the more common spelling 彼 for more details about the term.
| For pronunciation and definitions of 儂 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 儂, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.) |
References
editKorean
editHanja
edit儂 (eum 농 (nong))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit儂: Hán Nôm readings: nông, nùng, noọng
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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