5-HT2A receptor
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Sisarski 5-HT2A receptor je tip 5-HT2 receptora koji pripada serotoninskoj receptorskoj familiji G protein-spregnutih receptor (GPCR).[1] To je glavni pobuđivački receptorski tip među GPCR receptorima serotonina (5-HT), mada 5-HT2A može takođe da ima inhibitorno dejstvo[2] u pojedinim oblastima kao što je vizuelni korteks i orbitofrontalni korteks. Ovaj receptor inicijalno zadobio značaj kao meta psihedeličnih droga poput LSD. Kasnije je utvrđeno da delimično posreduje dejstvo mnogih antipsihotičkih lekova, posebno grupe atipičnih antipsihotika.
5-HT2A receptor je isto tako neophodan za širenje humanog polioma virusa poznatog kao JC virus.[3]
Serotoninski receptori su podeljeni u dve klase od strane Gaduma i Pikarelija nakon što je utvrđeno da neke od serotoninom indukovanih promena u crevima mogu da budu blokirane morfinom, dok se preostali mogu inhibirati dibenzilinom. Dve grupe su nazvane M i D receptori. Za 5-HT2A se mislilo da je receptor D grupe 5-HT receptora.[4] U periodu pre molekularnog kloniranja, kada je vezivanje radioliganda i njegovo zamenjivanje bilo jedino oruđe, za spiperon i LSD je pokazano da obeležavaju dva različita serotoninska receptora, i da nijedan od njih ne zamenjuje morfin. Na osnovu toga su izvedena imena 5-HT1, 5-HT2 i 5-HT3 receptori, koji korespondiraju visokom afinitetu za LSD, spiperon i morfin.[5] Kasnije je pokazano da je 5-HT2 veoma sličan sa 5-HT1C tako da su grupisani u istu grupu, i 5-HT2 je preimenovan u 5-HT2A. Stoga se 5-HT2 receptorska familija sastoji od tri zasebne molekulske grupe: 5-HT2A (nekada 5-HT2 ili D), 5-HT2B (nekada 5-HT2F) i 5-HT2C (nekada 5-HT1C).[6]
5-HT2A je u znatnoj meri izražen širom centralnog nervnog sistema (CNS). Posebno visoke koncentracije ovog receptora su nađene u apikalnim dendritima piramidalnih ćelija u sloju V korteksa gde moduliraju kognitivne procese,[7][8][9] uvećavanjem glutamatnog otpuštanja nakon kompleksnog skupa interakcija sa 5-HT1A,[10] GABAA,[11] adenozinskim A1,[12] AMPA,[13] mGluR2/3,[14] mGlu5,[15] i OX2 receptorima.[16][17] U malom mozgu pacova, ovaj protein je isto tako nađen u Goldžijevim ćelijama granularnog sloja,[18] i u Purkinje ćelijama.[19][20]
Na periferiji, on je visoko izražen u trombocitima, i u više ćelijskih tipova kardiovaskularnog sistema, u fibroblastima, i u neuronima perifernog nervnog sistema. Osim toga, 5-HT2A iRNK izražavanje je primećeno u humanim monocitima.[21]
Fiziološki procesi posredovani ovim receptorom su:
- CNS: neuronalna ekscitacija, bihevioralni efekti, učenje, anksioznost
- glatki mišići: kontrakcija (u gastrointestinalnom traktu & bronhijama)
- vazokonstrikcija / vazodilatacija
- trombociti: agregacija
- Aktivacija 5-HT2A receptora sa DOI proizvodi superpotentne antiinflamatorne efekte u tkivima vezanim za kardiovaskularni sistem, kao i nekim drugim. Drugi 5-HT2A agonisti kao što je LSD takođe imaju potentno antiinflamatorno dejstvo protiv TNF-alfa-indukovane inflamacije.[22]
Aktivacija 5-HT2A receptora je neophodna za dejstvo „klasičnih“ psihodelika kao što su LSD, psilocin i meskalin, koji deluju kao puni ili parcijalni agonisti ovog receptora, i predstavljaju tri glavne klase 5-HT2A agonista, ergolina, triptamina i fenetilamina, respektivno. Veoma velika familija derivata iz ove tri klase je razvijena, i njihovi odnosi strukture i aktivnosti su ekstenzivno istraženi.[23][24] Za agoniste koji deluju na 5-HT2A receptore locirane na apikalnim dendritima piramidalnih ćelija unutar regiona prefrontalnog korteksa se veruje da posreduje halucinogenu aktivnost.
Metisergid, koji je srodan sa metilergonovinom, se koristi za lečenje migrene. On blokira 5-HT2A i 5-HT2C receptore. Atipični antipsihotik aripiprazol je isto tako slab parcijalni agonist.[28]
- Mada su ergot alkaloidi uglavnom nespecifični antagonisti 5-HT receptora, nekoliko ergot derivata kao što je metergolin se vezuju preferentno za članove 5-HT2 receptorske familije.
- Ketanserin, prototipski antagonist 5-HT2 receptora potentno blokira 5-HT2Areceptore, manje potentno blokira 5-HT2C receptore, i nema uticaja na 5-HT3 ili 5-HT4 receptore ili bilo koji član 5-HT1 receptorske familije.[29] Otkriće ovakvog profila ketanserina je bila prekretnica u farmakologiji 5-HT2 receptora. Mada ketanserin može da blokira 5-HT indukovanu adheziju trombocita, on ne vrši svoje antihipertenzivno dejstvo putem 5-HT2 receptora, nego je to posledica njegovog visokog afiniteta za alfa1 adrenergičke receptore. On takođe ima visok afinitet za H1 histaminergičke receptore. Jedinjenja koja su hemijski srodna sa ketanserinom kao što je ritanserin su selektivniji antagonisti 5-HT2A receptor sa manjim afinitetom za alfa-adrenergičke receptore. Međutim, ritanserin, poput većine drugih 5-HT2A antagonista, isto tako potentno inhibira 5-HT2C receptore.
- Nefazodon deluje putem blokiranja post-sinaptičkog serotoninskog 2A receptora i u manjoj meri inhibiranjem pre-sinaptičkog serotonin i norepinefrin (noradrenalin) preuzimanja.
- Atipični antipsihotici kao što su klozapin, olanzapin, Kvetiapin, risperidon su relativno potentni 5-HT2A antagonisti kao što su i neki od manje potentnih tipičnih antipsihotika starije generacije. Drugi antagonisti su MDL-100,907 (prototip još jedne nove serije 5-HT2A antagonista) i ciproheptadin.
- Pizotifen je neselektivni antagonist.[30]
- 2-alkil-4-arol-tetrahidro-pirimido-azepini su tip selektivnih antagonista.[31]
- AMDA i srodni derivati su još jedna familija selektivnih 5-HT2A antagonista.[32][33][34][35][36]
- Hidroksizin
- 5-MeO-NBpBrT
- AC-90179 - potentni i selektivni inverzni agonist 5-HT2A, takođe 5-HT2C antagonist.[37][38]
- Nelotanserin (APD-125) - selektivni 5-HT2A inverzni agonist razvijen za tretman insomnije. Za APD-125 je pokazano u kliničkim ispitivanjima da je efektivan i dobro tolerisan,[39] ali je dalji razvoj zaustavljen 2008 zato što supstanca zadovoljile kriterijume ispitivanja.[40]
- Eplivanserin (Sanofi Aventis), pilula za spavanje koja je dospela do ispitivanja faze II, ali je aplikacija za odobrenje povučena. On deluje kao selektivni 5-HT2A inverzni agonist.
- Pimavanserin (ACP-103) - selektivniji nego AC-90179, oralno aktivan, antipsihotik in vivo. On je u kliničkim ispitivanjima.[41][42][43][44]
- Volinanserin
Agonisti | Antagonisti |
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- ↑ Cook EH, Fletcher KE, Wainwright M, Marks N, Yan SY, Leventhal BL (August 1994). „Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin 5-HT2 receptor: identity with frontal cortex serotonin 5-HT2A receptor”. J. Neurochem. 63 (2): 465–9. DOI:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63020465.x. PMID 8035173.
- ↑ Martin P, Waters N, Schmidt CJ, Carlsson A, Carlsson ML. (1998). „Rodent data and general hypothesis: antipsychotic action exerted through 5-Ht2A receptor antagonism is dependent on increased serotonergic tone”. J Neural Transm 105: 365-96. PMID 9720968.
- ↑ Elphick GF, Querbes W, Jordan JA, Gee GV, Eash S, Manley K, Dugan A, Stanifer M, Bhatnagar A, Kroeze WK, Roth BL, Atwood WJ (2004). „The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells”. Science 306 (5700): 1380–3. DOI:10.1126/science.1103492. PMID 15550673.
- ↑ Sanders-Bush E, Mayer SE (2006). „Chapter 11: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin): Receptor Agonists and Antagonists”. u: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker K. Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11th izd.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142280-3.
- ↑ George J. Siegel, R. Wayne Albers (2005). Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular, and medical aspects. 1 (7th ed izd.). Academic Press. str. 241. ISBN 012088397X.
- ↑ Hoyer D, Hannon JP, Martin GR (April 2002). „Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors”. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 71 (4): 533–54. DOI:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00746-8. PMID 11888546.
- ↑ Aghajanian GK, Marek GJ (April 1999). „Serotonin, via 5-HT2A receptors, increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex by an asynchronous mode of glutamate release”. Brain Res. 825 (1-2): 161–71. DOI:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01224-X. PMID 10216183.
- ↑ Marek GJ, Wright RA, Gewirtz JC, Schoepp DD (2001). „A major role for thalamocortical afferents in serotonergic hallucinogen receptor function in the rat neocortex”. Neuroscience 105 (2): 379–92. DOI:10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00199-3. PMID 11672605.
- ↑ Bortolozzi A, Díaz-Mataix L, Scorza MC, Celada P, Artigas F (December 2005). „The activation of 5-HT receptors in prefrontal cortex enhances dopaminergic activity”. J. Neurochem. 95 (6): 1597–607. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03485.x. PMID 16277612.
- ↑ Amargós-Bosch M, Bortolozzi A, Puig MV, Serrats J, Adell A, Celada P, Toth M, Mengod G, Artigas F (March 2004). „Co-expression and in vivo interaction of serotonin1A and serotonin2A receptors in pyramidal neurons of prefrontal cortex”. Cereb. Cortex 14 (3): 281–99. DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhg128. PMID 14754868.
- ↑ Feng J, Cai X, Zhao J, Yan Z (September 2001). „Serotonin receptors modulate GABA(A) receptor channels through activation of anchored protein kinase C in prefrontal cortical neurons”. J. Neurosci. 21 (17): 6502–11. PMID 11517239.
- ↑ Marek GJ (March 2009). „Activation of adenosine(1) (A(1)) receptors suppresses head shakes induced by a serotonergic hallucinogen in rats”. Neuropharmacology 56 (8): 1082–7. DOI:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.03.005. PMC 2706691. PMID 19324062.
- ↑ Zhang C, Marek GJ (January 2008). „AMPA receptor involvement in 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor-mediated pre-frontal cortical excitatory synaptic currents and DOI-induced head shakes”. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32 (1): 62–71. DOI:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.07.009. PMID 17728034.
- ↑ Gewirtz JC, Marek GJ (November 2000). „Behavioral evidence for interactions between a hallucinogenic drug and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors”. Neuropsychopharmacology 23 (5): 569–76. DOI:10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00136-6. PMID 11027922.
- ↑ Marek GJ, Zhang C (September 2008). „Activation of metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors induces spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents in layer V pyramidal cells of the rat prefrontal cortex”. Neurosci. Lett. 442 (3): 239–43. DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.083. PMC 2677702. PMID 18621097.
- ↑ Lambe EK, Liu RJ, Aghajanian GK (November 2007). „Schizophrenia, hypocretin (orexin), and the thalamocortical activating system”. Schizophr Bull 33 (6): 1284–90. DOI:10.1093/schbul/sbm088. PMC 2779889. PMID 17656637.
- ↑ Liu RJ, Aghajanian GK (January 2008). „Stress blunts serotonin- and hypocretin-evoked EPSCs in prefrontal cortex: role of corticosterone-mediated apical dendritic atrophy”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (1): 359–64. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0706679105. PMC 2224217. PMID 18172209.
- ↑ Geurts FJ, De Schutter E, Timmermans JP (June 2002). „Localization of 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, 5-HT5A and 5-HT7 receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum”. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy 24 (1): 65–74. DOI:10.1016/S0891-0618(02)00020-0. PMID 12084412.
- ↑ Maeshima T, Shutoh F, Hamada S, Senzaki K, Hamaguchi-Hamada K, Ito R, Okado N (August 1998). „Serotonin2A receptor-like immunoreactivity in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells”. Neurosci. Lett. 252 (1): 72–4. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00546-1. PMID 9756362.
- ↑ Maeshima T, Shiga T, Ito R, Okado N (December 2004). „Expression of serotonin2A receptors in Purkinje cells of the developing rat cerebellum”. Neurosci. Res. 50 (4): 411–7. DOI:10.1016/j.neures.2004.08.010. PMID 15567478.
- ↑ Dürk T, Panther E, Müller T, Sorichter S, Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Di Virgilio F, Myrtek D, Norgauer J, Idzko M. (May 2005). „5-Hydroxytryptamine modulates cytokine and chemokine production in LPS-primed human monocytes via stimulation of different 5-HTR subtypes”. Int Immunol 17 (5): 599–606. DOI:10.1093/intimm/dxh242. PMID 15802305.
- ↑ Yu B, Becnel J, Zerfaoui M, Rohatgi R, Boulares AH, Nichols CD (November 2008). „Serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor activation suppresses tumor necrosis factor-_-induced inflammation with extraordinary potency”. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 327 (2): 316–23. DOI:10.1124/jpet.108.143461. PMID 18708586.
- ↑ Nichols, DE (2004). „Hallucinogens.”. Pharmacology & therapeutics 101 (2): 131–81. DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002. PMID 14761703.
- ↑ Blaazer AR, Smid P, Kruse CG. Structure-activity relationships of phenylalkylamines as agonist ligands for 5-HT2A receptors. ChemMedChem. 2008 Sep;3(9):1299-309. PMID 18666267
- ↑ Braden MR, Parrish JC, Naylor JC, David E. Nichols (2006). „Molecular interaction of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor residues Phe339(6.51) and Phe340(6.52) with superpotent N-benzyl phenethylamine agonists”. Mol. Pharmacol. 70 (6): 1956–64. DOI:10.1124/mol.106.028720. PMID 17000863.
- ↑ McLean TH, Parrish JC, Braden MR, Marona-Lewicka D, Gallardo-Godoy A, David E. Nichols (September 2006). „1-Aminomethylbenzocycloalkanes: conformationally restricted hallucinogenic phenethylamine analogues as functionally selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists”. Journal of medicinal chemistry 49 (19): 5794–803. DOI:10.1021/jm060656o. PMID 16970404.
- ↑ Chambers JJ, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM, Parker MA, Nichols DE (March 2001). „Enantiospecific synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a series of super-potent, conformationally restricted 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonists”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 44 (6): 1003–10. DOI:10.1021/jm000491y. PMID 11300881.
- ↑ Shapiro DA, Renock S, Arrington E, Chiodo LA, Liu L, Sibley DR, Roth BL, Mailman R (May 2003). „Aripiprazole, a novel atypical antipsychotic drug with a unique and robust pharmacology”. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (8): 1400–1411. DOI:10.1038/sj.npp.1300203. PMID 12784105.
- ↑ „Yamamoto I, Kuwahara A, Fujimura M, Kadowaki M, Fujimiya M.”. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 11 (6): 457-65. 1999. PMID 10583853.
- ↑ Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07145-4. Page 187
- ↑ Shireman BT, Dvorak CA, Rudolph DA, Bonaventure P, Nepomuceno D, Dvorak L, Miller KL, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI (March 2008). „2-Alkyl-4-aryl-pyrimidine fused heterocycles as selective 5-HT2A antagonists”. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 18 (6): 2103–8. DOI:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.090. PMID 18282705.
- ↑ Westkaemper RB, Runyon SP, Bondarev ML, Savage JE, Roth BL, Glennon RA (September 1999). „9-(Aminomethyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracene is a novel and unlikely 5-HT2A receptor antagonist”. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 380 (1): R5–7. DOI:10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00525-7. PMID 10513561.
- ↑ Westkaemper RB, Glennon RA (June 2002). „Application of ligand SAR, receptor modeling and receptor mutagenesis to the discovery and development of a new class of 5-HT2A ligands”. Curr Top Med Chem 2 (6): 575–98. DOI:10.2174/1568026023393741. PMID 12052195.
- ↑ Peddi S, Roth BL, Glennon RA, Westkaemper RB (December 2003). „Spiro[9,10-dihydroanthracene]-9,3'-pyrrolidine-a structurally unique tetracyclic 5-HT2A receptor antagonist”. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 482 (1-3): 335–7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.09.059. PMID 14660041.
- ↑ Runyon SP, Mosier PD, Roth BL, Glennon RA, Westkaemper RB (November 2008). „Potential modes of interaction of 9-aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (AMDA) derivatives with the 5-HT2A receptor: a ligand structure-affinity relationship, receptor mutagenesis and receptor modeling investigation”. J. Med. Chem. 51 (21): 6808–28. DOI:10.1021/jm800771x. PMID 18847250.
- ↑ Wilson KJ, van Niel MB, Cooper L, Bloomfield D, O'Connor D, Fish LR, MacLeod AM (May 2007). „2,5-Disubstituted pyridines: the discovery of a novel series of 5-HT2A ligands”. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17 (9): 2643–8. DOI:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.098. PMID 17314044.
- ↑ Weiner DM, Burstein ES, Nash N, Croston GE, Currier EA, Vanover KE, Harvey SC, Donohue E, Hansen HC, Andersson CM, Spalding TA, Gibson DF, Krebs-Thomson K, Powell SB, Geyer MA, Hacksell U, Brann MR (October 2001). „5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor inverse agonists as antipsychotics”. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 299 (1): 268–76. PMID 11561089. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-09-17. Pristupljeno 2014-04-22.
- ↑ Vanover KE, Harvey SC, Son T, Bradley SR, Kold H, Makhay M, Veinbergs I, Spalding TA, Weiner DM, Andersson CM, Tolf BR, Brann MR, Hacksell U, Davis RE (September 2004). „Pharmacological characterization of AC-90179 [2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(4-methyl-benzyl)-N-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-acetamide hydrochloride: a selective serotonin 2A receptor inverse agonist”]. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310 (3): 943–51. DOI:10.1124/jpet.104.066688. PMID 15102927.
- ↑ Rosenberg, R; Seiden, DJ; Hull, SG; Erman, M; Schwartz, H; Anderson, C; Prosser, W; Shanahan, W i dr.. (2008). „APD125, a selective serotonin 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, significantly improves sleep maintenance in primary insomnia”. Sleep 31 (12): 1663–71. PMC 2603489. PMID 19090322.
- ↑ „APD125 for Insomnia”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-08-26. Pristupljeno 2014-04-22.
- ↑ Vanover KE, Weiner DM, Makhay M, Veinbergs I, Gardell LR, Lameh J, Del Tredici AL, Piu F, Schiffer HH, Ott TR, Burstein ES, Uldam AK, Thygesen MB, Schlienger N, Andersson CM, Son TY, Harvey SC, Powell SB, Geyer MA, Tolf BR, Brann MR, Davis RE (May 2006). „Pharmacological and behavioral profile of N-(4-fluorophenylmethyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl) carbamide (2R,3R)-dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) (ACP-103), a novel 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor inverse agonist”. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 317 (2): 910–8. DOI:10.1124/jpet.105.097006. PMID 16469866.
- ↑ Gardell LR, Vanover KE, Pounds L, Johnson RW, Barido R, Anderson GT, Veinbergs I, Dyssegaard A, Brunmark P, Tabatabaei A, Davis RE, Brann MR, Hacksell U, Bonhaus DW (August 2007). „ACP-103, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist, improves the antipsychotic efficacy and side-effect profile of haloperidol and risperidone in experimental models”. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 322 (2): 862–70. DOI:10.1124/jpet.107.121715. PMID 17519387.
- ↑ Vanover KE, Betz AJ, Weber SM, Bibbiani F, Kielaite A, Weiner DM, Davis RE, Chase TN, Salamone JD (October 2008). „A 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, ACP-103, reduces tremor in a rat model and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a monkey model”. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 90 (4): 540–4. DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.04.010. PMC 2806670. PMID 18534670.
- ↑ Abbas A, Roth BL (December 2008). „Pimavanserin tartrate: a 5-HT2A inverse agonist with potential for treating various neuropsychiatric disorders”. Expert Opin Pharmacother 9 (18): 3251–9. DOI:10.1517/14656560802532707. PMID 19040345.
- Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07145-4.
- George J. Siegel, R. Wayne Albers (2005). Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular, and medical aspects. 1 (7th ed izd.). Academic Press. str. 241. ISBN 012088397X.
- Sanders-Bush E, Mayer SE (2006). „Chapter 11: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin): Receptor Agonists and Antagonists”. u: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker K. Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11th izd.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142280-3.
- „5-HT2A”. IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-11-18.
- MeSH 5-HT2A+Receptor